Roberto Enrique Aranda Romero, married, father of two, and a member of the Communist Party, was detained in the early hours of August 23, 1974, at his home in the commune of Ñuñoa, Santiago. He was arrested along with a large number of neighbors as part of an operation carried out by personnel from the Army, Air Force, Carabineros, Investigations, and Security Services in the sector known as La Faena, located in the current commune of Peñalolén.

Osvaldo Romo Mena, better known as "El guatón Romo," a DINA agent, played an active role in the operation, collaborating in the denunciation and detention of the residents, whom he knew in his capacity as a neighbor and a community and political leader until September 11, 1973. During the operation, he acted while wearing an Air Force uniform.

Of those detained on that occasion, in addition to Roberto Aranda, the following remain forcibly disappeared to this day: Stalin Arturo Aguilera Peñaloza, a member of the Communist Party and Political Secretary of the Local Committee of Ñuñoa; Manuel Filamir Cartes Lara, a leader of the Communist Party and the Manuel Rodríguez Homeless Committee of Peñalolén; Modesto Segundo Espinoza Pozo, a member of the MIR, former president of the Villa Lo Arrieta Neighborhood Council, and a union leader for the Housing Corporation (CORVI); José Segundo Flores Rojas, a member of the Communist Party; and Eduardo Fernando Zúñiga Zúñiga, a leader of the Communist Party.

Other people apprehended that same day were subsequently released.

All the detainees were taken to a sports field in the neighborhood and then loaded onto trucks and buses, in which they were transported to the Escuela Militar, where they remained until the following day before being taken to various DINA detention centers.

It should be noted that during the investigation carried out by the Visiting Judge, Mr. Servando Jordán, regarding the kidnapping of José Flores Rojas, information was obtained from the 1st Investigations Precinct regarding the background of each of the individuals who have been forcibly disappeared since August 23, 1974.

In the case of Roberto Aranda, it notes that the Confidential Archive of that agency's Information Department lists him in 1973 as an "adherent to the candidacy of the communist senator Volodia."

The victim's family members carried out numerous efforts to locate his whereabouts, but the response from the agencies was that he did not appear on the lists of detainees.

From the moment of his arrest, Roberto Aranda has remained disappeared.

JUDICIAL AND/OR ADMINISTRATIVE ACTIONS

On November 4, a writ of amparo was filed on his behalf, case file 1357-74, before the Santiago Court of Appeals, which was rejected due to reports from the authorities denying his detention.

One of the agents who participated in the operation to detain Roberto Aranda Romero was the DINA agent Osvaldo Romo Mena, who was arrested in 1992. In July of that year, he had been located following a series of proceedings ordered in the case regarding the disappearance of Alfonso Chanfreau Oyarce, living in Brazil under a false identity.

He had arrived in that country on the instructions of the DINA, the security agency that provided new identities to him, his spouse, and his children. After having remained detained for 3 months, in November 1992, the Brazilian authorities ordered his expulsion from the national territory.

Immediately upon his return to Chile, he began appearing before various courts investigating cases of the forcibly disappeared.

Source: Corporation report

With this resolution from the highest court, the disappearance of Roberto Aranda Romero must be investigated.

The Second Criminal Chamber of the Supreme Court annulled the amnesty that the military justice system had applied in the proceedings regarding the disappearance of Roberto Aranda Romero in 1974, and ordered the Court Martial to reopen the investigation that had been closed by applying a definitive dismissal.

The resolution was one of the last adopted by the magistrates on January 31, before the judicial holiday began in February.

The ruling was decided by the presiding ministers of the chamber Alberto Chaigneau, Enrique Cury, Milton Juica, and José Luis Pérez, and by the last magistrate appointed to join the highest court, Adalis Oyarzún.

Aranda Romero was detained in Santiago on August 23, 1974, in a combined operation by FACH and Army personnel, and held in the Villa Grimaldi and Cuatro Álamos detention centers, from where he has remained disappeared to this day.

Initially, the definitive dismissal based on amnesty was adopted by the Second Military Court of Santiago, a measure that was ratified by the Court Martial.

Against this decision, the family's lawyer, Sergio Concha, appealed to the Supreme Court through a cassation appeal on the merits, the most complex and difficult to win in court, given that it points to fundamental legal flaws.

Concha explained to La Nación that the decision of the military justice system had been adopted, as in many other cases, without conducting any investigation to determine the facts, nor identifying the type of crime or its perpetrators.

For this reason, he assigned "great importance" to the decision of the Criminal Chamber, which opens, he said, a new hope for clarifying the fate of Roberto Aranda.

It should be noted that, along with the FASIC lawyer Nelson Caucoto, Concha is one of the lawyers who have already won several of these types of appeals in the Criminal Chamber, succeeding in having the amnesty revoked and cases of the forcibly disappeared dismissed by the military justice system investigated.

Source: lanacion.cl, February 1, 2003

President Piñera granted a pardon to former DINA agent Demóstenes Cárdenas Saavedra, 65, who suffers from terminal cancer, for "humanitarian reasons."

As reported by El Mercurio, the former agent was a civilian employee of the FACh and was sentenced to 10 years and one day in prison for the qualified kidnapping of communist militant Stalin Aguilera Peñaloza, framed within the so-called "Operation Colombo," an operation set up by the DINA between 1974 and 1975 to cover up the disappearance and mass murder of more than one hundred opponents of the military dictatorship.

DINA agent Demóstenes Cárdenas remained a fugitive for two years before beginning to serve his sentence on November 6, 2018.

The convict's family requested the pardon because he suffers from terminal-stage cancer, for which he is hospitalized at the Air Force Hospital, a request that was accepted by Piñera.

"This presidential decision sets a very relevant precedent from a humanitarian point of view, strengthening the unrestricted respect for the human dignity of an elderly person in the final moments of his life, as he suffers from a terminal illness," maintained the representative lawyer and president of the Pinochetist movement Fuerza Nacional, Raúl Meza.

Despite the pardon, Cárdenas will not be able to return to his home because, between the pardon request and Piñera's response, the defendant was convicted in three other cases related to the same Operation Colombo and involving different victims: Héctor Zúñiga Tapia, Bernardo Castro López, and Vicente Palominos Benítez.

How the disappearance and crime of the four detainees by the pardoned man occurred

Stalin Arturo Aguilera Peñaloza, married, 7 children, master painter, communist militant, was detained on August 23, 1974, around 6:30 a.m., by a group of soldiers who entered his home violently, made him get up, asked for his identity card, and interrogated him about the names of people listed on a document.

Then, without showing any arrest warrant, they took him from his home; faced with questions from his spouse, the captors said they would take him to the Escuela Militar and he would then be released.

His arrest occurred during an operation carried out by personnel from the Army, Carabineros, Air Force, Investigations, and security agents in the sector known as La Faena, located in the current commune of Peñalolén.

On the same occasion, a large group of residents was detained; all were taken to a sports field in the sector and then transported in buses and trucks to the Escuela Militar, and the following day taken to DINA detention centers.

Osvaldo Romo Mena, better known as "Guatón Romo," a DINA agent, actively collaborated in the detention of the residents; he was wearing an Air Force uniform on that occasion. He was known in the neighborhood as he had lived there, and before the Military Coup, he was a neighborhood and political leader, calling himself "Commander Raúl" at that time.

Among the detained residents, six of them, including Stalin Aguilera, remain forcibly disappeared to this day; they are: Roberto Enrique Aranda Romero, a member of the Communist Party, Secretary of Neighborhood Council No. 19 Villa Naciones Unidas; Manuel Filamir Cartes Lara, a local leader of the Communist Party and the Manuel Rodríguez Homeless Committee of Peñalolén; Modesto Segundo Espinoza Pozo, a member of the MIR, former president of the Villa Lo Arrieta Neighborhood Council, and a union leader for the Housing Corporation (CORVI); José Segundo Flores Rojas, a member of the Communist Party; and Eduardo Fernando Zúñiga Zúñiga, a local leader of the Communist Party.

A former DINA detainee, Cristián Van Yurick, stated that he had been in room No. 13 of the incommunicado detention center called "Cuatro Álamos" with Stalin Aguilera and Manuel Cartes Lara.

For his part, Mario Aguilera Salazar, also a former detainee, stated that he remembered Stalin Aguilera very well as one of those held in "Cuatro Álamos" and says of him that he was "not very communicative, he didn't talk to anyone, he wasn't in the choir (formed by Arturo Barría, a music teacher, also disappeared), and what stood out most about him was his fear and nervousness."

After his arrest, his spouse went to the Escuela Militar, where they told her there were no detainees there; she also requested information from Investigations, police stations, the Tacna Regiment, SENDET, the Public Jail, the Penitentiary, the "Tres Álamos" Detention Camp, and the Legal Medical Institute, without obtaining positive answers.

On July 23, 1975, his name appeared on a list of 60 people allegedly killed in clashes with Armed Forces personnel in Argentina or in infighting among them; the list was published by the newspaper El Mercurio, reproducing information that appeared in the Buenos Aires weekly Lea, a publication that appeared on this single occasion without the signature of a responsible editor and with a legal address that turned out to be false.

This information could not be confirmed by the Argentine authorities or by the government of Chile; all the people mentioned on the list had been detained by security agencies and remain disappeared to this day.

Source: cambio21.cl, May 9, 2020

Date: 05-09-2020

Operation Colombo: Justice reduces sentences of former DINA agents Krassnoff and Espinoza

Forty years after the media setup that resulted in the death of 119 people and opponents of the civic-military dictatorship, the sentences affecting the retired brigadiers are added to another that also reduces the sentence of retired colonel César Manríquez.

The Third Chamber of the Santiago Court of Appeals reduced the sentences of retired Army brigadiers Miguel Krassnoff Martchenko and Pedro Espinoza Bravo and retired colonel César Manríquez Bravo, all of them former DINA agents held at the Punta Peuco Prison, from twenty years to five years and one day.

The convictions are framed within the so-called "Operation Colombo," particularly for the kidnapping and disappearance, in 1974, of Modesto Segundo Espinoza Pozo and Roberto Enrique Aranda Romero, militants of the Revolutionary Left Movement (MIR) and the Communist Party, respectively.

According to what was recorded in the investigation, "the name of Segundo Espinoza Pozo appeared on a list of 119 people published in the national press after it appeared on a list in the magazine Novo O Día of Curitiba, Brazil, dated June 25, 1975, which reported that he had died in Argentina along with 58 other people belonging to the MIR."

In addition, the court confirmed the sentences of other former DINA agents, such as Demóstenes Eugenio Cárdenas Saavedra and Alejandro Francisco Astudillo Adonis, to eleven years in prison, and Orlando José Manzo Durán, to ten years and one day.

It should be noted that the same court ratified the sentence in which the State of Chile is obligated to pay 100 million pesos to Edulia Aliaga Ponce, Aranda's spouse, and 50 million pesos to each of his daughters, Ligia and Francia Aranda.

Likewise, the State is also obligated to pay 150 million pesos to Carmen Quezada Fuentes, wife of Espinoza Pozo.

Source: radio.uchile.cl, August 14, 2015

Date: 08-14-2015

Justice issues sentence for the qualified kidnappings of two victims of "Operation Colombo"

The Santiago Court of Appeals issued second-instance sentences in the investigation into the qualified kidnappings of Modesto Espinoza Pozo and Roberto Aranda Romero, who have been forcibly disappeared since August 1974, in the framework of the so-called "Operation Colombo."

In a split decision (case file 2254-2014), the Third Chamber of the appellate court—composed of ministers Manuel Antonio Valderrama, Juan Antonio Poblete, and Gloria Solís—confirmed the sentence that convicted the DINA agents: Demóstenes Eugenio Cárdenas Saavedra and Alejandro Francisco Astudillo Adonis, to serve 11 years in prison for both crimes; and Orlando José Manzo Durán, to 10 years and one day for the kidnapping of Roberto Enrique Aranda Romero.

Likewise, the sentence to be served by César Manríquez Bravo, Pedro Octavio Espinoza Bravo, and Miguel Krassnoff Martchenko was reduced to 5 years and one day in prison.

In the civil aspect, the conviction ordering the State of Chile to pay $100,000,000 (one hundred million pesos) to Edulia Aliaga Ponce, spouse of Roberto Aranda Romero; $50,000,000 (fifty million pesos) to each of the daughters: Ligia and Francia Aranda Aliaga; and $150,000,000 (one hundred fifty million pesos) to Carmen Quezada Fuentes, spouse of Modesto Espinoza Pozo, was confirmed.

Espinoza Pozo

According to the background information gathered in the investigation, the following sequence of events was determined:

"That in the early hours of August 22, 1974, Modesto Segundo Espinoza Pozo, a member of the Revolutionary Left Movement (MIR), was detained at his home located at Calle 133 No. 6962, Villa Lo Arrieta, commune of Peñalolén, by military agents and agents of the National Intelligence Directorate (DINA), who took him along with other detainees, stating that they would transfer him to the Escuela Militar.

Subsequently, Espinoza Pozo was seen by witnesses at the clandestine DINA detention center called 'Cuatro Álamos,' located on Calle Canadá near the 3000 block, in the commune of Santiago, which was guarded by armed guards and to which only DINA agents had access.

During his stay at the Cuatro Álamos barracks, Modesto Segundo Espinoza Pozo remained without contact with the outside world, permanently guarded by DINA agents in charge of that facility, being taken out for interrogation under duress to other clandestine DINA detention centers, such as Londres 38 and Villa Grimaldi.

The last time he was seen alive was on an undetermined day at the end of the first half of 1975, and he remains disappeared to this day. The name of Modesto Segundo Espinoza Pozo appeared on a list of 119 people, published in the national press after it appeared on a list published in the magazine Novo O’Día of Curitiba, Brazil, dated June 25, 1975, which reported that Espinoza Pozo had died in Argentina, along with 58 other people belonging to the MIR, due to internal quarrels that arose among those members; and that the publications that declared the victim Espinoza Pozo dead had their origin in disinformation maneuvers carried out by DINA agents abroad."

Aranda Romero

"That in the early hours of August 23, 1974, Roberto Enrique Aranda Romero, a member of the Communist Party (PC), was detained at his home located at Calle 11-A No. 823, Block 28, Apt. 43, of the Villa Naciones Unidas, commune of Peñalolén, by military agents and agents belonging to the National Intelligence Directorate (DINA), who took him along with other detainees, stating that they would transfer him to the Escuela Militar.

Subsequently, Aranda Romero was seen by witnesses at the clandestine DINA detention center called 'Cuatro Álamos,' located on Calle Canadá near the 3000 block, in the commune of Santiago, which was guarded by armed guards and to which only DINA agents had access.

During his stay at the Cuatro Álamos barracks, he remained without contact with the outside world, permanently guarded by DINA agents in charge of that facility, being taken out for interrogation under duress to other clandestine DINA detention centers, such as Londres 38 and Villa Grimaldi; the last time he was seen alive was on an undetermined day at the end of the first half of 1975, and he remains disappeared to this day."

Source: cronicadigital.cl, August 13, 2015

Date: 08-13-2015

DINA agents convicted for two disappeared persons in "Operation Colombo"

The Santiago Court of Appeals issued second-instance sentences in the investigation into the qualified kidnappings of Modesto Espinoza Pozo and Roberto Aranda Romero, who have been forcibly disappeared since August 1974, in the so-called "Operation Colombo."

The Third Chamber of the capital's appellate court confirmed the sentence that convicted DINA agents Demóstenes Eugenio Cárdenas Saavedra and Alejandro Francisco Astudillo Adonis to serve 11 years in prison for both crimes; and Orlando José Manzo Durán to 10 years and one day for the kidnapping of Roberto Enrique Aranda Romero.

The court reduced the sentence against the other former DINA agents César Manríquez Bravo, Pedro Octavio Espinoza Bravo, and Miguel Krassnoff Martchenko to 5 years and one day in prison.

Modesto Espinoza and Roberto Aranda Romero, militants of the MIR and the Communist Party, respectively, were detained at their homes in the commune of Peñalolén and taken to the clandestine DINA detention center called "Cuatro Álamos."

The last time they were seen alive was at the end of the first half of 1975, according to the background information gathered in the judicial investigation, and they later appeared on the list of 119 people whose deaths were made to appear as an internal struggle of leftist groups.

Source: publimetro.cl, 08/13/2015

Date: 08-13-2015

Court of Appeals reduces prison sentence for Miguel Krassnoff

Former Army brigadier will serve five years, out of the 20 to which he was sentenced for his participation in Operation Colombo.

This Thursday, the Santiago Court of Appeals reduced the sentence against former brigadier Miguel Krassnoff Martchenko from 20 to five years and one day, within the framework of the investigation into the so-called "Operation Colombo." Former brigadier Pedro Espinoza and former colonel César Manríquez received the same reduction in their sentences.

The appellate court also confirmed the prison sentence for three former agents of Augusto Pinochet's secret police for the kidnapping and disappearance of Modesto Segundo Espinoza Pozo and Roberto Enrique Aranda Romero in 1974.

In a split decision, the Third Chamber of the appellate court confirmed the sentence that convicted the agents of the National Intelligence Directorate: Demóstenes Eugenio Cárdenas Saavedra and Alejandro Francisco Astudillo Adonis, to serve 11 years in prison for both crimes; and Orlando José Manzo Durán, to 10 years and one day for the kidnapping of Roberto Enrique Aranda Romero.

Likewise, the sentence to be served by César Manríquez Bravo, Pedro Octavio Espinoza Bravo, and Miguel Krassnoff Martchenko was reduced to 5 years and one day in prison.

In the civil aspect, the conviction ordering the State of Chile to pay $100,000,000 to Edulia Aliaga Ponce, spouse of Roberto Aranda Romero; $50,000,000 to each of the daughters: Ligia and Francia Aranda Aliaga; and $150,000,000 to Carmen Quezada Fuentes, spouse of Modesto Espinoza Pozo, was confirmed.

Krassnoff's conviction

Miguel Krassnoff was a key figure in the so-called "Operation Colombo," a procedure organized by the military regime to cover up the disappearance of 119 people in 1975.

The former brigadier participated in the creation of a "list" that included these political prisoners, whom they tried to make appear as dead in clashes in Argentina, known as "Operation Colombo," and whose bodies have still not been found.

After the dissolution of the DINA in 1977, Krassnoff joined the ranks of the National Intelligence Center (CNI). After his departure from this agency, in the early 80s, Krassnoff continued his military career until reaching the rank of brigadier in 1998.

Currently, Miguel Krassnoff is held at the Punta Peuco prison.

Source: t13.cl, August 13, 2015

Date: 08-13-2015

Court reduces sentence of Krassnoff, emblematic DINA executioner and torturer

The brigadier, who was decorated by Pinochet after the assassination of MIR leader Miguel Enríquez, had accumulated 104 years and 11 days of effective prison sentences for crimes of homicide, kidnapping, and torture as of July 2013. In addition to another 38 years and 77 days of sentences subject to prison benefits, according to a report prepared by the UDP Human Rights Observatory.

This afternoon, the Santiago Court of Appeals issued second-instance sentences in the investigation into the qualified kidnappings of Modesto Espinoza Pozo and Roberto Aranda Romero, who have been forcibly disappeared since August 1974, in the framework of the so-called "Operation Colombo."

In a split decision, the Third Chamber of the appellate court, composed of ministers Manuel Antonio Valderrama, Juan Antonio Poblete, and Gloria Solís, confirmed the sentence that convicted the DINA agents: Demóstenes Eugenio Cárdenas Saavedra and Alejandro Francisco Astudillo Adonis, to serve 11 years in prison for both crimes; and Orlando José Manzo Durán, to 10 years and one day for the kidnapping of Roberto Enrique Aranda Romero.

In the civil aspect, the conviction ordering the State of Chile to pay $100,000,000 (one hundred million pesos) to Edulia Aliaga Ponce, spouse of Roberto Aranda Romero; $50,000,000 (fifty million pesos) to each of the daughters: Ligia and Francia Aranda Aliaga; and $150,000,000 (one hundred fifty million pesos) to Carmen Quezada Fuentes, spouse of Modesto Espinoza Pozo, was confirmed.

What drew attention was the reduction to 5 years and one day in prison for the three former DINA agents: General (ret.) César Manríquez Bravo and Army brigadiers Pedro Octavio Espinoza Bravo and Miguel Krassnoff Martchenko.

Krassnoff, one of Pinochet's "hardliners" according to a report prepared by the UDP Human Rights Observatory, had accumulated 104 years and 11 days of effective prison sentences for crimes of homicide, kidnapping, and torture as of July 2013.

In addition to another 38 years and 77 days of sentences subject to prison benefits, he is serving his sentence in Punta Peuco, a detention center that various sectors seek to close and which, according to official information, is reaching its maximum population capacity.

Miguel Krassnoff Martchenko, according to the book Krassnoff: Arrastrado por su destino by Mónica Echeverría Yáñez, was convinced that he had to fulfill the historical mission of "cleansing Chilean society of the Marxist cancer."

He has a family history linked to Nazism; his Cossack military predecessors fought against Trotsky. He is a native of Lienz (Austria), the same town where Adolf Hitler was born, and arrived in Chile at a few months old in the arms of his mother, named Dhina, to later join the Army.

He participated in the creation of the list of 119 political prisoners who were intended to be passed off as dead in clashes in Argentina, in the so-called Operation Colombo. He was also the head of the Londres 38 torture center.

According to Memoria Viva, among his main positions in the Army are the command of the Caupolicán Brigade and the Halcón 1 and 2 groups at Villa Grimaldi and José Domingo Cañas, focusing his repression on the MIR.

His name appears in 91 cases of the forcibly disappeared, and he participated in the murders of Lumi Videla, the priest Antonio Llidó, Carmelo Soria, Alfonso Chanfreau, and Diana Arón, a young journalist who, despite her advanced pregnancy, was taken from a hospital bed, tortured, and murdered with Krassnoff's direct participation.

In addition, he allegedly played a direct role in the assassination of singer-songwriter Víctor Jara at the Estadio Chile and in the death of Miguel Enríquez, founder of the MIR, in 1974. For this action, he received a decoration from Pinochet's hands.

Along with the recently deceased Manuel "Mamo" Contreras, he was recognized as one of the "hardliners"; he trusted General Pinochet so much that he established the need to generate a social base in support of his figure.

In 2002, it became known that Krassnoff had been hired by the Army as a civilian employee at the Military Officers' Hotel, despite the fact that he had already been prosecuted for the disappearance of several political prisoners at Villa Grimaldi.

The brigadier was recognized as the "enemy of the MIR"; he was in charge of the collection and, according to him, the "interviews" of MIR members. The military man called them that because "interrogation lends itself to lucubrations like those they have hung on me in the confrontations: torture, beatings, atrocities, rapes.

I saw them all in absolutely normal conditions, neither bleeding nor broken. Since they were often blindfolded for security measures, I would have them take the blindfolds off and I would identify myself," he told El Mercurio.

Krassnoff is loved by his "circle." In November 2011, the then-mayor of Providencia, Cristián Labbé (ex-DINA), organized a tribute to him at the Club Providencia, which was marked by a massive "funa" (protest) by organizations defending the victims of the dictatorship.

The same Labbé who today asserted that the suicide of General (ret.) Hernán Ramírez Rurange is due to the "hopelessness" in which—in his view—the military personnel prosecuted and convicted for human rights violations during the military dictatorship are mired.

The last time he was seen publicly was at the end of 2014, walking through the halls of the Military Hospital when he had allegedly gone to have some tests done.

Source: derechos.org, August 13, 2015

Operation Colombo: Sentence reduced for Krassnoff and two other agents

The court reviewed the sentences for the kidnapping and disappearance of Modesto Segundo Espinoza Pozo and Roberto Enrique Aranda Romero in 1974.

The Court of Appeals determined to reduce the sentence of former brigadiers Miguel Krassnoff and Pedro Espinoza, and former colonel César Manríquez, to five years and one day for the kidnapping and disappearance of Modesto Segundo Espinoza Pozo and Roberto Enrique Aranda Romero, part of Operation Colombo.

The appellate court thus indicated that the former military officers will not have to serve their previous sentence of 20 years.

As reported by Cooperativa, in a split decision, former DINA agents Demóstenes Eugenio Cárdenas Saavedra and Alejandro Francisco Astudillo Adonis were also sentenced to 11 years in prison, and Orlando José Manzo Durán to 10 years and one day.

The details gathered by the justice system indicate that Espinoza Pozo's name appeared on the list of 119 people that was published by the magazine Novo O Dia of Brazil, where it was claimed that MIR members had died in internal guerrilla warfare.

Aranda Romero, meanwhile, was detained in August 1974, and nothing more was known about him from the first months of 1975, since when he has remained disappeared.

The Court of Appeals also ratified the conviction ordering the State of Chile to pay 100 million pesos to Edulia Aliaga Ponce, Aranda's spouse, and 50 million pesos to each of his daughters: Ligia and Francia Aranda.

Additionally, the State must pay 150 million pesos to Carmen Quezada Fuentes, widow of Espinoza Pozo.

Operation Colombo was the name given to the setup created during the Military Regime to cover up the disappearances of the victims.

Source: 24horas.cl, August 13, 2015