Repressive Context: Advisor to the General Secretariat of Government. Member of the Communist Party Date of Detention: September 11, 1973

REPRESSIVE SITUATION

Georges Klein Pipper, married, one child, physician, and member of the Communist Party, was detained on September 11, 1973, as the last group of people inside the La Moneda Palace was leaving. He was taken to the Tacna Regiment, where he remained until September 13, the date on which he was driven away in a military truck to an unknown destination; he remains forcibly disappeared to this day.

Georges Klein was born in France and, in addition to being a physician, had studied sociology. He worked as a presidential advisor and for the Undersecretariat of Government. On September 11, he arrived at La Moneda, and at 11:00 a.m., he spoke by telephone for the last time with his spouse, who attempted to reach La Moneda but was unable to do so because all access routes were closed.

On September 11, the La Moneda Presidential Palace, the seat of government, was seized by Army infantry and tank units led by General Javier Palacios, who were later joined by Carabineros forces. At 11:00 a.m., the Chilean Air Force began the bombing, which destroyed a large part of La Moneda.

Members of the Presidential Guard, better known by the acronym GAP, "Group of Personal Friends"—alluding to an expression used by the President of the Republic himself—as well as other government members, remained in the Palace until they received the order from President Salvador Allende to leave, which they did through a door on Calle Morandé 80 of the La Moneda Palace.

There, they were held at gunpoint and beaten by the military and ordered to lie on the ground with their hands behind their necks, being constantly threatened, including being crushed by a tank that moved toward that location.

Two members of the Presidential Guard, Antonio Aguirre Vásquez and Osvaldo Ramos Rivera, were taken prisoner inside La Moneda and were sent to the Public Assistance Emergency Hospital because they were wounded; a few days later, these two individuals were removed from said medical center by the military, and they have been considered forcibly disappeared ever since.

Other members of the GAP who were coming from the presidential residences of El Cañaveral and Tomás Moro did not manage to enter La Moneda and were detained in the vicinity by Carabineros. They were, among others, Gonzalo Jorquera Leyton, Williams Osvaldo Ramírez Barría, Carlos Cruz Zavala, and Domingo Blanco Tarrés, who were part of a group of approximately 13 people, some of whom were subsequently executed, while the others remain in the status of forcibly disappeared.

The people detained at La Moneda remained on Calle Morandé until 6:00 p.m. At that hour, these prisoners were taken in two military vehicles to the Tacna Regiment, located about 12 blocks from the La Moneda Palace; the aforementioned Regiment was under the command of Colonel Joaquín Ramírez Pineda.

Survivors of these events have provided information that allows for the reconstruction of the facts: the prisoners remained in the aforementioned Regiment until September 13. While detained in that Regiment, they were forced to crawl on their knees, lie down with their arms behind their necks, or stand with their arms raised.

For nearly 48 hours, they had to remain in painful positions on rough or gravel ground, being trampled by soldiers who ran over them and beat them with the butts of their weapons or inflicted wounds with their bayonets, under the constant surveillance of guards armed with machine guns, who threatened them and asked the officers to execute them immediately.

Later, they remained in a place called the "boxes" or former stables; from there, the prisoners were taken to an office located on the second floor of the Regiment, where they were tortured and interrogated by personnel from the Military Intelligence Service (SIM).

Afterward, they were returned in poor physical condition to rejoin the other prisoners and continue in the painful positions assigned to them. Each change of guard began with a beating of the prisoners with rifle butts.

There were 49 of these prisoners. The following day, the release of 17 Investigative Police officers who were part of the presidential protection team was ordered, and other prisoners were separated. Finally, a group of people remained detained, 21 of whom have been identified: ten advisors to the President of the Republic or government officials, ten members of the Presidential Guard, and one laborer.

The President's advisors were Jaime Barrios Meza, commercial engineer, presidential advisor and General Manager of the Central Bank of Chile; Sergio Contreras, public relations officer for the Intendancy and journalist; Daniel Escobar Cruz, Chief of Cabinet for the Undersecretary of the Interior; Enrique Huerta Corvalán, Palace Intendant; Claudio Jimeno Grendi, sociologist, presidential advisor; Georges Klein Pipper, physician, presidential advisor; Eduardo Paredes Barrientos, physician, presidential advisor and former Director of Investigations; Enrique París Roa, psychiatrist, presidential advisor and member of the Superior Council of the University of Chile; Héctor Ricardo Pincheira Núñez, medical student, presidential advisor; and Arsenio Poupin Oissel, lawyer, Deputy Secretary General of Government and presidential advisor. The members of the Presidential Guard who have been identified are as follows: José Freire Medina, Daniel Gutiérrez Ayala, Oscar Lagos Ríos, Juan Montiglio Murúa, Julio Hernán Moreno Pulgar, Luis Rodríguez Riquelme, Jaime Sotelo Ojeda, Julio Tapia Martínez, Héctor Urrutia Molina, Oscar Valladares Caroca, and Juan Vargas Contreras. There was also the laborer Oscar Luis Avilés Jofré, who had gone to La Moneda in support of the government.

The chief of detectives of the La Moneda Section, Juan Seoane, who survived these events, remembers Georges Klein among the detainees.

Around 2:00 p.m. on September 13, 1973, these prisoners, with their hands and feet tied, were thrown into a military truck, one on top of the other, and were driven out of the Regiment to an unknown destination.

Almost all the members of the Presidential Guard who were at La Moneda on September 11, 1973, were executed or disappeared. However, one of those who managed to survive and has contributed to reconstructing these events is Juan Bautista Osses Beltrán, who was taken prisoner to the Tacna Regiment but was incorporated into another group of prisoners, which allowed him to leave alive after being imprisoned at the Estadio Chile and the Estadio Nacional.

In his extensive statement, Osses points out that a group of 13 members of the Presidential Guard accompanied Allende to La Moneda and were detained inside. Subsequently, along with the other prisoners, he was taken to the Tacna Regiment, where they were informed that they would be executed by firing squad at midnight, later that the execution would be at 3:00 a.m., and later still, at 6:00 a.m.

Osses has confirmed that among those detained at the Tacna were Héctor Daniel Urrutia, Daniel Gutiérrez, Enrique Huerta, Oscar Lagos Ríos, Juan Montiglio, Julio Moreno, Eduardo Paredes, Enrique París, Georges Klein, Héctor Pincheira, Arsenio Poupin, Luis Rodríguez Riquelme, and Oscar Valladares.

The witness was removed from the Tacna Regiment in the early hours of September 13, 1973, and taken along with other detainees to the Estadio Chile.

Beatriz Celsa Parrau Tejos, who was detained at the Tacna Regiment, is the one who has been able to provide some important background information. She was at INDUMETAL, a company taken over by workers, where she was attending to a wounded person in her capacity as a nurse.

At 6:00 p.m. on September 11, this company was occupied by Carabineros, and everyone there was detained and taken to a police station and, on the same day, transferred to the Tacna Regiment. There, she learned that those who had been captured at La Moneda were being held, and despite being separated from that group, she had the opportunity to see them when they went to the bathroom or when they were taken for interrogation.

There, she saw several physicians she knew from their professional activities and government leaders, among whom she distinguished Georges Klein. She also observed numerous groups of other prisoners entering or leaving.

On September 13, at noon, through the cracks of the shed where about 90 women were locked up, Celsa Parrau was able to see a truck leave the Regiment carrying bundles that looked like human bodies. When they were taken out of the aforementioned shed at 2:30 p.m., she observed that the La Moneda prisoners were no longer there.

Physician Oscar Iván Soto Guzmán, in a notarized statement, establishes that on September 11, 1973, upon entering the Presidential Palace, various people close to the President were there, among whom he mentions "Jorge Max Klein Pipper, Psychiatrist, advisor to the Government Secretariat."

For his part, the Chief of Investigations at La Moneda, detective Juan Seoane, remained among the La Moneda detainees until after noon on September 13, at which time he was able to witness how the prisoners were taken away in a military truck.

According to the testimonies of survivors, they heard from the military personnel who participated in the operation that they had been taken to the Peldehue military camps, located in Colina, where they were allegedly executed and buried.

A soldier from the Tacna Regiment, who was able to witness part of the events, recounted that the prisoners were tied with wire and thrown into an Army Pegaso truck that was part of a convoy that left the barracks at approximately 2:00 p.m., while all conscripts were ordered to remain confined to their quarters and not to walk through the courtyards.

In the afternoon, the contingent that had been part of the convoy returned, and word spread among the military that the prisoners had been taken to the property that the Tacna Regiment has in the Peldehue military camps in Colina; there, they were allegedly killed in front of a hole or pit, with a diameter of about five to six meters and several meters deep, which existed a short distance from the house used by the property's guard personnel.

The prisoners were placed in groups of four at the edge of the pit and shot. Once executed and thrown to the bottom of the pit, grenades were allegedly thrown inside, and the executions continued four by four.

The soldier adds that he had to go to the aforementioned property at the end of September 1973 and found the aforementioned pit covered. There, it was confirmed to him that the executed had been buried in that place and that there were 26 or 27 of them, who, before being murdered, shouted slogans alluding to the Unidad Popular government.

However, this massacre of prisoners has never been officially acknowledged, nor have the bodies been returned, and the people mentioned, among them Georges Klein Pipper, have been missing since September 13, 1973.

JUDICIAL AND/OR ADMINISTRATIVE ACTIONS

On March 29, 1974, a writ of amparo (habeas corpus) was filed before the Santiago Court of Appeals for 131 people who had disappeared since September 11, 1973, which included Georges Klein. This appeal was processed under case file No. 289-74 and was denied on December 28, 1974, which was confirmed by the Supreme Court on January 31, 1975, which simultaneously resolved to recommend the appointment of a Visiting Judge (Ministro en Visita Extraordinaria).

On February 20, 1975, the Plenary Tribunal resolved to appoint Judge Enrique Zurita, who was established in the First Criminal Court of Greater Santiago and initiated case file No. 106.657.

On September 29 of the same year, the Visiting Judge declared himself incompetent because military personnel from the Army, Air Force, and Carabineros appeared involved as captors in the various cases investigated.

The background information was sent to the Military Judge, who assigned case file No. 1.382-76 to the case. The summary was closed on August 9, 1976, and on September 14, it was temporarily dismissed. On February 2, 1990, the Second Military Court dismissed the case totally and definitively by virtue of the provisions of Decree Law 2191 of 1978, which establishes amnesty for persons who committed criminal acts during the period between September 11, 1973, and March 10, 1978.

The lawyer for the affected parties filed an appeal against this dismissal, arguing that this resolution is improper, offensive, and abusive because it paralyzes the search for the truth of the facts forever, grants amnesty to unknown persons, and leaves the reported facts in impunity.

On February 22, 1990, this Tribunal granted the appeal and resolved to elevate the case to the Court Martial.

On January 25, 1991, a complaint for alleged disappearance was filed regarding Georges Klein before the Fifth Criminal Court of Greater Santiago, which was registered under case file 134.231-7. The document states that the interest is to activate the Chilean justice system in order to obtain an answer to this situation of uncertainty.

Simultaneously, it was requested to carry out procedures before the International Police, the Civil Registry, the Medical Association of Chile, and to request the background information accumulated by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission.

The family carried out numerous efforts before the French Embassy, the United Nations, and the Medical Association of Chile. The President of France, Georges Pompidou, made direct inquiries. Recourse was also made to General Sergio Arellano Stark, General Gustavo Leigh, Colonel Espinoza, etc.

Inquiries were made at the Legal Medical Institute. Unofficially, General Arellano reported that the affected person was not alive, according to a statement before the First Criminal Court in case file 106.657 by Anna Stern Meiselmenn, Georges Klein's aunt.

Memoriaviva Note: His daughter Vanessa wrote to us that Georges Klein also had a daughter.

Source: Vicariate of Solidarity

“Chilean justice is forgetful and has gaps,” denounced French lawyer Sophie Thonon in Paris on Monday, two days before the start of a trial in absentia against 13 Chilean military officers and one Argentine for the disappearance of four French citizens during the Chilean dictatorship (1973-90).

At a press conference in the presence of the victims' relatives, the lawyer lamented the “extremely limited means” that the Chilean justice system had to investigate human rights violations during the dictatorship, although she highlighted the effort made by Chilean judge Juan Guzmán, who was “one step away from convicting Augusto Pinochet while he was alive.”

“But we all know that Chilean justice is forgetful and has gaps,” stated Thonon, who on Wednesday will be in charge of opening the presentation of the plaintiffs against the 14 accused of kidnapping, torture, and disappearance of four French citizens before the Paris Criminal Court.

Georges Klein, advisor to the late Chilean president Salvador Allende, who was overthrown by the military coup; former priest Etienne Pesle; Alphonse Chanfreau, student leader of the Revolutionary Left Movement (MIR); and Jean Yves Claudet Fernández, a militant of the MIR, were kidnapped between 1973 and 1975 in Santiago, Temuco, and Buenos Aires.

Her colleague William Bourdon, who will represent the Klein, Chanfreau, and Pesle families, agreed that the trials carried out in “Chile have been fragmentary, piecemeal, and without paying attention to the architecture of the repression.”

For that reason, Bourdon highlighted the “symbolic and historical value of this trial, as it will be the only process that will allow for a precise, global, and almost exhaustive judicial photograph of the repressive apparatus established by General Augusto Pinochet.”

The trial will conclude on December 17. That same day, the Tribunal presided over by Judge Pierre Kremer will announce the sentence.

Source: Radio Bío Bío, December 6, 2010 Date: 12-06-2010

The vice president of Codepu knows the French justice and humanitarian law system closely because she was the visible face of the organization in the mission of the International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH) in the trial held in Paris against former agents of the dictatorship for the crimes against Franco-Chilean citizens during the Pinochet regime.

Amid the discontent of the ruling party over the asylum of the former Frentista in France, the neuropsychiatrist challenges the Chilean right.

"Absurd." That is the word that Paz Rojas, a member of the Corporation for the Defense of the People's Rights (Codepu), chooses to describe the various requests of the government of Sebastián Piñera and the ruling political parties—under the baton of the UDI—to reverse the asylum measure granted by France to the former Frentista Ricardo Palma Salamanca.

In conversation with El Mostrador, the neuropsychiatrist, who during the dictatorship founded a team that clandestinely treated victims of torture and relatives of the forcibly disappeared or political executions, asserts that "it does not surprise me that France granted him asylum (to Palma Salamanca)."

"France knows very deeply everything that Chileans lived through, we lived through, and they were always very close to us. France welcomed us as children, and France knows these types of things," reflects the vice president of Codepu, who recalled that during the regime of Augusto Pinochet, she had to leave the country because she and her collaborators were wanted by the DINA.

Furthermore, Rojas had words regarding the letter that President Piñera sent to his French counterpart, asking for his direct intervention in the case: "I do not believe that Macron will take that into account.

And besides, there are organizations in France like the OFPRA (French Office for the Protection of Refugees and Stateless Persons) that grants the refuge (to Palma Salamanca) and that is very independent of the Government," she stated.

When there was no extradition from Chile

The activist knows the French justice and humanitarian law system closely because she was the visible face of the organization in the mission of the International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH) in the trial held in Paris against former State agents for the crimes against a group of Franco-Chileans during the dictatorship.

In 1998, after the arrest of Pinochet in London, a complaint was filed in France for the French citizens murdered or disappeared during the Pinochet dictatorship, requesting his immediate arrest and extradition to be tried before French courts.

Finally, in that case, in a historic ruling, the Paris Criminal Court convicted 13 defendants on December 17, 2010, including the leadership of the DINA, to prison sentences ranging from 15 years to life imprisonment for the kidnapping and torture of Alfonso Chanfreau, Jean-Yves Claudet, George Klein, and Etienne Pesle.

However, the French extradition request was denied by Chile, first by Minister Rosa María Maggi, a decision that was later ratified by the Supreme Court.

That milestone is remembered now that the Chilean right accuses France of being "complicit in terrorism" for granting asylum to the person accused of the crime against UDI senator Jaime Guzmán. Such a reaction contrasts with the silence they maintained for other cases, such as that of the French citizens murdered under the dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet.

Faces from the former Nueva Mayoría have also joined the reaction condemning the decision of the French body, having advocated for the extradition of Palma Salamanca so that he serves his sentence in Chile.

For Rojas, this reflects that "all governments, including the Concertación, have provided justice not with the depth that this dictatorship deserved, which lasted 17 years and which imprisoned, tortured, forcibly disappeared, and executed. In other words, all the things that the successive governments did, for me, are absolutely insufficient."

Some of the Franco-Chilean citizens who were victims of the dictatorship:

Alfonso Chanfreau Oyarce

Forcibly disappeared since July 30, 1974, at the age of 23, married, one daughter, philosophy student at the University of Chile in Santiago. He was arrested at his home in Santiago by DINA agents. He was taken to the torture house at Londres 38.

The following day, his wife, Erika Hennings, was detained and taken to the same place where they were tortured by DINA agents. In August 1974, he was transferred to an unknown location, and he has been missing since that date.

Jean Yves Claudet Fernández

Forcibly disappeared since November 1, 1975, in Buenos Aires. He was 35 years old, married, 2 children, chemical engineer. Detained on two occasions after September 11, 1973, and prosecuted before the Military Prosecutor's Office.

Repatriated to France in 1974, he arrived in Argentina in 1975. DINA agents, within the framework of "Operation Condor," detained him at a hotel in Buenos Aires, and he has remained missing since that date.

Georges Klein Pipper

Forcibly disappeared since September 11, 1973, physician, advisor to President Salvador Allende. He was 27 years old at that time, married, one daughter. Arrested along with the last group of people who were inside La Moneda after the bombing.

Taken to the Tacna Regiment, where he remained until September 13, the date on which he was driven away in a military truck to an unknown destination; he remains forcibly disappeared to this day.

Etienne Pesle De Menil

Forcibly disappeared since September 19, 1973, in Temuco. Former priest, 49 years old at that time, married, 2 children. He was arrested at his workplace (INDAP) before numerous witnesses by Air Force personnel and soldiers and taken in a pickup truck to an unknown destination. He has remained missing since that date.

Other French victims of the dictatorship are:

Enrique Ropert Contreras: 20 years old, member of the Socialist Party, Economics student at the University of Chile, son of Miria Contreras, secretary to President Allende. On September 11, 1973, at 8:30 a.m., Ropert arrived at La Moneda to drop off his mother; when she got out of the vehicle, Carabineros detained him.

He was taken to the Intendancy, from where he was driven to the Sixth Carabineros Precinct of Santiago, according to the Rettig Report. That Carabineros facility was the last place he was seen alive. Days later, his body was found on one of the banks of the Mapocho River, under a bridge.

Andre Jarlan Pourcel: French priest. Vicar of the La Victoria Parish in Santiago. He died after being struck by a bullet fired by Carabineros during the National Protest Day on September 4, 1984, while he was praying in his bedroom at his home. The family filed a criminal complaint against the Carabineros. Two new complaints were filed on November 20, 1998, before the courts in Paris.

Rene Marcel Amiel Baquet: Forcibly disappeared since 1977 in Mendoza, Argentina. He was arrested by Chilean and Argentine agents.

Source: elmostrador, 12/10/2018 Date: 12-10-2018

Body of French physician detained at La Moneda during the military coup is handed over

The Legal Medical Service (SML) handed over the body of her father, the French physician Georges Klein Pipper, to Vanessa Klein this Friday. He was detained on September 11, 1973, at the La Moneda Palace along with the members of Salvador Allende's presidential guard.

The doctor's daughter learned of the identification of her father's remains just a few days before she came to Chile this week accompanying a team of lawyers from the International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH).

This mission notified 12 Chilean military officers and one civilian yesterday, Thursday, in a symbolic manner, of the conviction handed down against them by French courts for their responsibility in the disappearance of four Franco-Chilean citizens, among them Georges Klein.

The remains of the French physician were handed over to the family on Friday morning at the SML, and subsequently, the family held a funeral at the Memorial for the Forcibly Disappeared, located in the General Cemetery.

"Operation Television Removal" The judge investigating this case, Alejandro Madrid, and the director of the Legal Medical Service, Patricio Bustos, met last Tuesday with the relatives of Georges Klein to inform them of the objective results in the identification process.

The identification of the remains of Klein Pipper joins eleven others carried out previously as a result of the discovery of human remains in 2001 at Fuerte Arteaga, a military facility located in the north of Santiago, where the detainees from the La Moneda Palace were taken.

The bones and dental pieces recovered correspond to human remains that were not successfully removed by the military in the operation known as "television removal," the transfer of bodies of the forcibly disappeared carried out to prevent them from ever being found.

Died at Fuerte Arteaga

In the identification process, the SML team carried out forensic medicine, anthropology, and odontology examinations, in addition to genetic tests performed in a laboratory in Innsbruck (Austria). The result of these procedures and the investigations carried out by Judge Madrid determined that the deaths occurred on September 13, 1973, at Fuerte Arteaga, and the cause of death was wounds caused by projectiles from bullets.

George Klein Pipper, of French nationality and a member of the Communist Party, was 27 years old when he was detained by the military and was working as an advisor to the Presidency and the Undersecretariat of Government.

For this case and that of three other forcibly disappeared Franco-Chilean citizens, the Paris Criminal Court recently sentenced the leadership of the defunct National Intelligence Directorate (DINA) to life imprisonment.

Source: La Nacion, October 28, 2011 Date: 10-28-2011

Remains of Salvador Allende's physician advisor, detained at La Moneda, are buried

Near noon, the remains of the French physician Georges Klein Pipper, who was detained on September 11, 1973, at the La Moneda Palace along with members of former President Salvador Allende's guard, were buried at the Memorial for the Forcibly Disappeared in the General Cemetery.

During the morning, the Legal Medical Service handed over the bones to his family after the identification process of the fragments found in 2001 at Fuerte Arteaga, in Colina.

For this case, and that of three other forcibly disappeared Franco-Chilean citizens, the Paris Criminal Court recently sentenced the leadership of the dissolved DINA to life imprisonment.

Given this, the president of the Association of Relatives of the Forcibly Disappeared (AFDD), Lorena Pizarro, asserted that "the French courts have given a lesson in ethics, integrity, and law to the Chilean courts; we have a Supreme Court, and a criminal chamber, that is only advancing in the direction of impunity."

At the same time, the head of the International Justice Office of the International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH), Karine Bonneau, explained that requests for extradition and capture of those responsible have already been made, given that the causes of his death are still not known.

"It is still not well known what happened to Jorge Klein, but it is a different stage, and a different mourning begins for the family. We are here so that the sentences are fulfilled, to ask the French Government and the Chilean Government to arrest these people and extradite them to France," she said.

Klein (27), of French nationality and a member of the Communist Party, was working as an advisor to the Presidency and the Undersecretariat of Government at the time of his detention.

Friends, former colleagues, his daughter Vanessa, and other relatives, as well as representatives of human rights groups, participated in the funeral, and the president of the Senate, Guido Girardi, was also present.

Source: latercera.cl, 10/28/2011 Date: 10-28-2011

SML identified remains of French physician detained at La Moneda in 1973

Georges Klein Pipper died from gunshot wounds at age 27 on September 13 of that year, the agency established. He was a member of the Communist Party and was an advisor to Salvador Allende.

The remains of the French physician Georges Klein Pipper, advisor to President Salvador Allende and missing since the 1973 coup d'état, were identified by the Legal Medical Service 38 years after his death.

The professional's funeral will take place on Friday at the General Cemetery.

The director of the agency, Patricio Bustos, and the judge investigating the case, Alejandro Madrid, met today with his relatives to inform them about the results of the expert procedures.

Klein's remains were found in 2001 at Fuerte Arteaga, a military facility located in Colina, where Allende's collaborators who were detained at La Moneda on September 11, 1973, were taken.

These are bones and teeth that were not moved during the so-called "operation television removal" ordered by Augusto Pinochet in 1978, by which many remains were unearthed, thrown into sacks, and cast into the sea.

Presidential Advisor

During this process, the multidisciplinary team of the SML's Forensic Identification Unit carried out forensic medicine, anthropology, and odontology examinations, in addition to genetic tests performed at the genetics laboratory in Innsbruck, Austria.

From the result of these procedures and the judicial investigation, it is concluded that the death occurred on September 13, 1973, at Fuerte Arteaga and that the cause of death was due to multiple wounds from ballistic projectiles.

Klein Pipper, of French nationality and a member of the Communist Party, was working as an advisor to the Presidency and the Undersecretariat of Government at the time of his detention, when he was 27 years old.

His funeral will be held this Friday the 28th at the Memorial for the Forcibly Disappeared of the General Cemetery, located a few meters from the SML.

Source: cooperativa.cl, 10/25/2011 Date: 10-25-2011

France convicts military officers of Chilean dictatorship in absentia

On Friday, a French court sentenced, in absentia, a dozen Chilean military personnel and one civilian, as well as an Argentine military officer, to terms ranging from 15 years in prison to life imprisonment for the disappearance of four French citizens during the dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet (1973-90).

Retired General Manuel Contreras, founder of the feared National Intelligence Directorate (DINA), the regime's political police, currently imprisoned in Chile, was sentenced to life imprisonment by the decision of the Paris Criminal Court, presided over by Judge Hervé Stephan.

The same maximum sentence was handed down to his second-in-command in the DINA hierarchy, retired General Pedro Octavio Espinoza Bravo, the magistrate stated while reading the sentence that brings an end to the trial in absentia for the disappearance of four French citizens during the Pinochet dictatorship.

George Klein, Etienne Pesle, and Alphonse Chanfreau disappeared in Chile, and Jean Yves Claudet disappeared in Argentina, all between 1973 and 1975.

Retired General Herman Julio Brady was sentenced to 30 years in prison, as were retired Colonels Marcelo Luis Moren Brito and Miguel Krasnoff Martchenko.

The French magistrate reaffirmed the validity of the arrest warrant issued by the French justice system in May 2005 against the convicted military personnel. José Octavio Zara Holger was acquitted from the initial list due to his death.

In the presence of a hundred relatives, mainly the children of the four forcibly disappeared, former colleagues, and legal experts who arrived from Chile, Spain, and France, a trial in absentia that began on December 8 concluded, 12 years after this case was initiated in France in October 1998, just as Pinochet was arrested in London.

Source: AFP December 17, 2010

Date: 17-12-2010

Chilean military personnel tried in absentia in Paris

Thirteen Chilean military personnel, including the former head of the DINA, Manuel Contreras (pictured), and one Argentine officer, will be tried in absentia in France between December 8 and 17 for the disappearance of four French citizens.

Georges Klein, advisor to President Salvador Allende; the former priest Etienne Pesle; and the MIR leader, Alphonse Chanfreau, disappeared between 1973 and 1975 in Chile. Jean Yves Claudet Fernández, a militant of the MIR, disappeared in Buenos Aires. Manuel Contreras is accused in all four cases of "kidnapping accompanied by torture and acts of barbarism," according to court records.

Also accused in the disappearance of Georges Klein are Generals Herman Julio Brady and Luis Joachim Ramírez Pineda and Colonel Rafael Francisco Ahumada Valderrama. In the case of Etienne Pesle, the FACh officer Emilio Sandoval Poo is accused.

Accused in the disappearance of Alphonse Chanfreau are Army Brigadier General Pedro Espinoza Bravo; Carabineros Colonel Gerardo Godoy García; Colonels Miguel Krasnoff Matchenko and Marcelo Moren Brito; and Army non-commissioned officer Basclay Humberto Zapata.

In the case of Jean Yves Claudet Fernández, Generals José Octavio Zara Holger and Raúl Eduardo Iturriaga Neumann; Enrique Arancibia Clavel, a DINA agent; and Argentine Lieutenant Colonel José Osvaldo Riveiro are accused.

Source: La Nacion December 6, 2010

Date: 06-12-2010

Court approves extension of extradition for retired General Joaquín Ramírez Pineda

The commander of the Tacna Regiment in 1973 is being prosecuted in Chile for qualified kidnapping in the so-called La Moneda Palace case.

The Supreme Court extended the extradition request to Argentina for Luis Joaquín Ramírez Pineda, commander of the Tacna Regiment in 1973, who is currently detained in Buenos Aires.

Ramírez Pineda is being prosecuted in our country by Minister Juan Eduardo Fuentes Belmar in the investigation into qualified kidnappings in the so-called La Moneda Palace case.

In a unanimous ruling, the ministers of the Second Chamber, Nibaldo Segura, Rubén Ballesteros, Jaime Rodríguez, Hugo Dolmestch, and Carlos Künsemüller, accepted the request filed by Minister Fuentes Belmar in the case of 9 victims who have been forcibly disappeared since September 11, 1973.

They are Jaime Gilson Sotelo Ojeda, Sergio Contreras, Héctor Ricardo Pincheira Núñez, José Freire Medina, Juan Eduardo Paredes Barrientos, Egidio Enrique Paris Roa, Manuel Ramón Castro Zamorano, Daniel Antonio Gutiérrez Ayala, and Fernando Rodríguez Riquelme.

In 2003, the Supreme Court decided to submit an extradition request for the defendant for the kidnapping cases of Jaime Antonio Barrios Meza, Daniel Francisco Escobar Cruz, Enrique Lelio Huerta Corvalán, Claudio Raúl Jimeno Grendi, Jorge Klein Pipper, Óscar Reinaldo Lagos Ríos, Juan José Montiglio Murúa, Julio Hernán Moreno Pulgar, Arsenio Poupin Oissel, Julio Fernando Tapia Martínez, Óscar Enrique Valladares Caroca, and Juan Alejandro Vargas Contreras, which also occurred starting in 1973 at the La Moneda Palace.

The background information for the extension of the extradition request has already been sent to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs for it to be forwarded to Argentina for processing in that country.

Source: El Mercurio March 20, 2009

Date: 20-03-2009

Minister dismisses case regarding the removal of bodies of the forcibly disappeared

Minister Juan Eduardo Fuentes, tasked with investigating the removal of bodies from the Peldehue Regiment in 1978, dismissed the judicial action against retired members of the Army, considering that they are not connected to the main crime of the case, permanent kidnapping.

The judge's decision was applied to the case that occurred in 1978 involving the bodies of the former advisors to President Salvador Allende who were detained at the La Moneda Palace on September 11, 1973.

As reported by Radio Cooperativa, the ruling annuls the indictments that were pending against retired non-commissioned officers Fernando Remigio Burgos Díaz, Sergio Antonio Medina Salazar, Isidro Custodio Durán Muñoz, and retired officer José Jaime Darrigrandi Marques.

The ruling maintains that the act constitutes an infringement of Article 144 of the Sanitary Code and does not have the character of a "crime against humanity."

The indictments that were annulled corresponded to the alleged removal of the remains of the former manager of the Central Bank, Jaime Barrios Meza; the Palace intendant, Enrique Huerta Corvalán; the PS leader, Claudio Jimeno Grendi; the communist leader, Georges Klein Pipper; the former undersecretary general of Government, Arsenio Poupin Oissel; and the former chief of staff of the Undersecretariat of the Interior, Daniel Escobar Cruz.

Added to them are Oscar Lagos Ríos, Juan Montiglio Murúa, Julio Moreno Pulgar, Julio Tapia Martínez, Oscar Valladares, and Juan Vargas Contreras, all members of the Group of Friends of the President and militants of the Socialist Party.

Source: El Mercurio September 1, 2005

Date: 01-09-2005

Remains correspond to the forcibly disappeared from La Moneda

Visiting Minister Amanda Valdovinos, in charge of verifying information from the Dialogue Table regarding the location of the remains of some 20 forcibly disappeared persons inside the Justo Arteaga Regiment in Colina, discovered the exact place where the bodies were clandestinely buried after the military coup of September 11, 1973.

An exclusive source confirmed to La Voz that the remains are in a 15-meter-deep well.

Last January, excavation work on the land—which was donated by the Catholic Church to the Army for war practice before the military coup—focused on a 15 by 13-meter pit, from which more than 400 bone fragments scattered at a depth of nearly three meters have been extracted to date.

However, soil studies carried out by a botanist and the National Geology and Mining Service (Sernageomin) made it possible to specify that the fragments correspond to the remains left by the removal of the bones at the end of the 1970s.

The specialists' precision is such that it was determined that, due to their location, they were dragged from one of the ends of the excavation site using a backhoe, the characteristics of which (brand, model, and ownership) are proven in the case file.

Well equivalent to six stories

The fragments, which include skulls, phalanges, vertebrae, teeth, and dental arches, come from a well about five meters in diameter and about 15 meters deep—equivalent to a six-story building—where the bodies were thrown after the detainees were executed by firing squad and dynamited (using grenades) inside.

In the coming days, excavations will focus on that location, and it is not ruled out that findings of great magnitude of bones will be verified.

So far, with the collections made, the Legal Medical Service has been able to approximate about a dozen people whose remains were at the site. However, with the dental pieces and the background information available in the case, five identities have been confirmed, which will only be made official once the proceedings are exhausted.

The relatives of the alleged victims have been informed periodically by Judge Valdovinos. The latest report submitted by the minister to the Supreme Court also confirms errors in the report delivered by the Army to the Dialogue Table, since the location has been identified thanks to testimonies from locals and former uniformed personnel who have approached the court voluntarily.

All the background information gathered by Minister Amanda Valdovinos will be forwarded to the corresponding criminal or military courts to determine those responsible for the homicides and the illegal inhumations and exhumations proven in the investigation.

Who are they? According to the Rettig Report, there were 21 detainees from La Moneda who ended tragically in Colina. President Allende's advisors: Eduardo Paredes Barrientos, former director of Investigations; Enrique París Roa; Jaime Barrios Meza, general manager of the Central Bank; Sergio Contreras; Daniel Escobar Cruz; Enrique Huerta Corvalán; Claudio Jimeno Grendi; Dr.

Georges Klein Pipper; Héctor Pincheira Núñez; and Arsenio Poupin Oissel, Undersecretary General of Government. The members of the GAP: José Freire Medina, Daniel Gutiérrez Ayala, Oscar Lagos Ríos, Juan Montiglio Murúa, Julio Moreno Pulgar, Luis Rodríguez Riquelme, Jaime Sotelo Ojeda, Julio Tapia Martínez, Héctor Urrutia Molina, Oscar Valladares Caroca, Juan Vargas Contreras, and Oscar Luis Avilés Jofré.

Source: Primera Linea April 4, 2002

Date: 04-04-2002

DAUGHTER OF A FORCIBLY DISAPPEARED PERSON, LETTER TO MY DISAPPEARED FATHER (VANESSA KLEIN) Written by Adriana Goñi Godoy and from Overblog

Dad

I am writing you an impossible letter now. Impossible due to the simple and inevitable fact that you are dead. This fact is not recent, but it was only in 1994 that it was stated by law. Meanwhile, absurd things have happened, worthy of a macabre film, a nightmare.

Shall I tell you? Well, one of those funny facts happened in 1990. After years of living in Brazil, I went to Chile to spend some time, study, live with the family and the people. At the moment of returning to Brazil, since I was a minor, I needed authorization from my responsible parents.

Mom's was in the possession of my great-uncle. But the juvenile court asked for your signature to travel. Can you believe it? We had nothing to certify your death. Nothing! There was no date, nor exact circumstance.

Nor a body. There still isn't. The law until then said nothing, just as the military denied the presence of your name on the list of the disappeared. But there was the fact: You were dead! Today we have a document called "Presumed Death." There are books, even from the government, that name your disappearance.

I am writing to one here. Yes, something has happened now. You know? The general was arrested! The horizon of possibilities for justice is wider. Perhaps more people in the world can look at him—without fear—with eyes of questioning and indignation: How could you?

He and the other murderers. Alive to feel in himself the effect of this look and the law that is being discussed, built, and executed. From here, very far from the land you chose, Chile, and even more from the one you were born in, France, I select papers and photos to send to the lawyer in France.

I see the photos from the magazine "Que Pasa" where you appeared for the last time. I have been asked to talk about life, life after your disappearance. A long time of mourning, to build the void existing between the term "disappearance" and the fact "death." It has not been easy for anyone.

I live in Brazil. I study, I work, I love, I get angry... I am happy and unhappy as much as possible. There is nothing special to say. I lived in Chile, a short but fundamental time. Walking in the street, meeting people, people from your ties, young people, the music, the south, the land.

I feel close and distant, a foreigner and intimate, far away and near. It's strange. But one has to live here or there, and that's how it is, without great melancholies. My life goes on. The case here is you, my father, who is disappeared and has been dead for a long time.

And the truth is that this is an impossible letter. Vanessa December 1998. (Tribute to Dr. Jorge Klein Pipper, Forcibly Disappeared, militant of the Communist Party) Source: They stayed with us by Rubi Maldonado, Laura Moya, Margarita Romero, and Ana Vega.

JORGE MAX PATRICK KLEIN PIPPER

Date of Birth: December 29, 1945 Surgeon. Psychiatry scholarship recipient. Medical Association Registration: 7.474

FORCIBLY DISAPPEARED.

The German occupation of Austria forced the Klein Pipper family to escape Nazi persecution once again. They had abandoned Berlin, after the confiscation of their glass factory, settling in Vienna, the hometown of Rodolphe Klein.

They had to leave again. It was then that the family decided to settle in the small village of Romans-sur-Isère, in France. Shortly after the end of the Second World War, Georges Max Patrick Klein Pipper was born in this French village, the only son of the marriage of Rodolphe Klein and Lotte Pipper, born in Wisznitz, Romania.

In search of security, tranquility, and peace, and with the spirit of protecting their son, the family emigrated first to Canada and then to South America. They chose Chile to settle, motivated by Lotte's sister who lived here.

Her gray hair always spoke of the beauty of the landscape of this corner of the world, where apparently nothing happened. In 1953, the family settled in the Bellavista neighborhood and managed to live good times until that black day, September 11, 1973, when violence and horror fell upon this home again, covering it once more with the mantle of sadness and pain, sensations they had tried to leave in the past, fleeing across thousands and thousands of kilometers, of seas and mountains.

On September 11, 1973, Dr. Jorge Klein left his home early, as always. He arrived at the La Moneda Palace, where he worked as a political advisor to the General Secretariat of Government. Once the bombing began, he communicated for the last time with his wife and told her: "They are bombing us, but we are fine..." The communication was interrupted.

After the bombing, among the ruins, the dust, the flames, the wounded, the dead, and the rattle of machine guns, the infinite noises and the subsequent silence, the defenders of La Moneda were on the ground with their hands on the back of their necks.

Among the detainees were advisors, personal doctors, the President's security guard, and some members of the Investigation Service. Of this group, some were released moments after the detention; others, after passing through and remaining in different detention camps.

Dr. Klein, along with other detainees, including Doctors París and Paredes, were transferred to the Tacna Regiment. From there, they were taken by military forces to an unknown destination in the days following the military coup.

On March 29, 1974, a writ of amparo (habeas corpus) was filed before the Court of Appeals for 131 people who had disappeared since September 11, 1973, among whom was Dr. Klein. The petition was denied on December 28, 1974.

After the appeal, the Supreme Court, in 1975, appointed a Visiting Minister. Magistrate Zurita was designated, and on February 24, 1975, he was constituted in the First Criminal Court. Seven months later, the magistrate declared himself incompetent.

The case went to the military courts. On July 1, 1976, they accepted jurisdiction, and on August 9 of the same year, the investigating prosecutor closed the summary. On September 14, 1976, the proceedings were temporarily dismissed.

HISTORY AND DESTINY

After many years, Jorge Klein's father managed to open a workspace of his own in Chile. He set up a saddlery on Calle Merced. Jorge grew up among leathers, sports, the Jewish community in Chile, and during the summer, long vacations by Lake Vichuquén... in short, a happy childhood, full of friends, affection, love, and stability.

His father, authoritarian, cautious, overprotective, wanted his son to manage his life within the Jewish community and become a great psychiatrist there. It seemed to Mr. Klein that Jorge moved too confidently.

His mother was a cheerful, intelligent woman who shared a strong musical hobby with her husband; both were performers. She thought her son should participate without fear in national life, and in that sense, she encouraged him.

Jorge inherited from her a conciliatory attitude that was one of his most outstanding characteristics and that made him a good negotiator in all kinds of situations. He completed his initial studies at the Alianza Francesa School and then at the Instituto Nacional.

He always stood out for being studious and a good student. In 1962, upon finishing secondary education, he distinguished himself as the Best Student of the Class. His friend from that time and until his death, Daniel Rappaport, dedicates these memories to him: "I am one of the few people who have the pleasure and pride of being your friend since childhood.

I remember the summers in LloLleo, the soccer games, the afternoon teas in the company of your adorable mom and your grumpy dad. The study sessions where you acted as a private tutor for all of us who gathered to study with you.

The passionate days during your presidency of the Student Center. The extraordinary performance of your studies and your extraordinary gifts as a soccer player. Your success extended to sentimental fields.

What a facility for falling in love and making others fall in love! Until Cupid finally defeated you and you fell madly in love with the beautiful Brazilian Atice Fausto. Jorge (Georges to your parents), I embrace you with emotion and admiration." Jorge Klein chose the career of Medicine to study at the university.

After applying, he managed to place second in admission. One of his colleagues remembers him as an outstanding student and says, "perhaps he spent more time explaining subjects to us than studying for himself..." Other memories speak of him as a very simple, very upright, very cheerful person.

Psychologist Marta Bello, who worked with Jorge at the University Psychiatric Clinic, in a letter sent to Vanessa, Jorge's daughter, remembers that she met him at a Neurology Symposium where Dr. Humberto Maturana, just as she says, "enraptured us talking about truth," scientific truth, philosophical truth, the truth of life.

It is incredible that so many years after Jorge's disappearance, the truth about his final moments remains elusive to us," expresses Marta Bello and continues her testimony in the aforementioned letter addressed to Vanessa: "Did the one who believed himself the owner of his destiny know that he was cutting short the life of a doctor, a son, a father, an exemplary friend?

The hatred of his murderers has been useless. Jorge lives in his daughter and in all of us who knew him. Brilliant, profound, passionate, tender, there was no person who knew him without being marked by his personality.

For me, it was a privilege to be his friend, to have known and shared his joy of living, his dedication to study and work, his faith in his fellow human beings. There was a time when, like so many others who mourned their disappeared, in the streets of distant cities, I ran after a stranger, because a special way of walking, a silhouette, a gesture, were enough to awaken the wildest hopes that he had survived to make that reunion possible.

Years ago, I stopped looking for him, and today I have him with me: in the pleasure of listening to Chico Buarque or Piaf, when speaking in French, when imagining how he would have enjoyed the renewal process in Europe, when rereading a philosophy book that we once commented on together.

I know that many of his many good friends feel the same. There is little more I can say, and for that reason, perhaps a non-existent word, like those he enjoyed inventing, is the best tribute and the best definition I can give of him.

That is how it is, dear Vanessa, that your father, Dr. Jorge Klein Pipper, disappeared at La Moneda on September 11, 1973, was a man with a great sense of HAMOR (a play on 'amor'—love)."

KLEIN AND LORCA

Klein arrived at the University without political militancy but with an open interest in the country's social problems. His great intelligence and cultural background always led him further in the search for knowledge.

Between 1964 and 1965, he managed to define positions by joining the Socialist Party, under the encouragement of the great leader of the Faculty of Medicine, Carlos Lorca Tobar, who would suffer the same final destiny: detention and disappearance.

Within the Socialist Party, Klein quickly stood out. Each time he assumed more important roles as a leader. His multiple activities did not prevent him from dedicating himself to his favorite sports: chess, soccer, and indoor soccer... without forgetting skiing, in which he won several trophies and diplomas.

His great passion was study and politics. As a leader, he stood out as an upright, responsible man with great charisma and communication skills, capable of expressing himself clearly, sharply, and precisely.

Constantly critical and in permanent questioning regarding providing answers to social urgencies, he distanced himself from his party work until he completely broke away from the Socialist Party. He then decided to join the Communist Party of Chile, which coincided with the end of his medical studies and his decision to specialize in the field of psychiatry.

In a tribute held at the School of Medicine in 1989, in honor of the students and former students murdered during the military dictatorship, special reference was made to Doctors Jorge Klein and Carlos Lorca. "They were for a socialist revolution; that was the model that convinced them and for which they were willing to go to the final consequences..." On this same occasion, Dr.

Ennio Vivaldi said: "Those names we remember today are what Chile produced. It is the expression of us as a society. They were people of the left, and in that, there is, at the same time, a certain particularity and a certain universality.

The left seems to be the place that so naturally gathers artists, intellectuals, young people more concerned with their ideals and utopias, little impressionable and not at all attracted by the security of the established order...

There was something in them that inescapably called to our spirit, something that touched the very dignity of the human being..." Klein and Lorca were leaders of the university reform movement. Starting in 1970 and 1971, Jorge began to gradually leave psychiatry and became more politically linked to the Popular Unity government.

He worked at very important levels in the area of communications and informatics. He is considered one of the pioneers in this field in our country.

WILLING TO DO ANYTHING

Jorge Klein never avoided problems. For example, he did not stop on one occasion when he confronted a classmate, surnamed Leclerc, who one day insulted him by calling him a "fucking Jew." Leclerc was much more solid and larger.

Klein, however, threw himself at him, willing to do anything. They had to be separated. Dr. Francisco Rivas, Chile's ambassador to Canada during the government of President Patricio Aylwin, was one of his great friends.

Dr. Rivas, who wrote under the pseudonym Francisco Simón, dedicated one of his first novels to him: "El Informe Mancini." The night before the military coup, Rivas and Klein were together until late at night.

They did not imagine what would happen the next day. Dr. Rivas remembers the conversation held on one occasion, in which a group of doctors reflected on their participation in political activity and the risks that this meant.

Klein then said: "It's not worth continuing this reflection; they are going to kill you anyway." Another doctor, Dr. Patricio Arroyo, who was also at the La Moneda Palace on September 11, said that when General Javier Palacios ordered the doctors to stand up, Dr.

Jorge Klein did not do so. Someone asked him why he wasn't doing it, and he pointed out: "I don't have documents," remaining lying on the ground. He met the same fate as the other officials who remained there.

FROM TACNA TO PELDEHUE

Detective Juan Seoane, who lived through the military coup at the La Moneda Palace, remembers that once they were prisoners at the Tacna Regiment, some soldiers asked the officers to allow them to kill the detainees... they shouted exasperatedly: "Lieutenant, let me, I'll break this communist's head." "It was sad, because they evidently wanted to earn the trust of their superiors and nothing more..."

Seoane himself says

"There were officers who were broken, devastated. They gave us permission to sit down and do some exercises. In reality, everything was disorganized. They didn't know what to do with us." According to investigations and testimonies, Dr. Klein was sent to the stables of the Tacna Regiment and from there to the Peldehue military camp, from where his trail is lost.

VANESSA, HIS DAUGHTER

Dr. Klein's wife, Alice Fausto, a doctor of Brazilian nationality, returned to her homeland together with little Vanessa, the couple's only daughter. She had arrived in Chile to perfect herself in psychiatry.

Here she met Jorge, building a solid relationship. Together they lived very happy days, of freedom and searching. On one occasion, they were able to stay three full days in the mountains, abandoned in an old Citroën, enduring the night, the cold, the snow, and hunger, but living intensely.

Alice Fausto remembers Jorge as a man always awake, with bright blue eyes and an easy and welcoming smile. He felt the pleasure of living and sharing, despite his great shyness. She says: "The love for life, for the good, for the healthy brought us together, and death and hatred separated us.

By closing my eyes, I have him close to me, and I always see him as the upright partner, the reliable friend with whom one always wants to be and with whom one grows by sharing." The disappearance of Jorge Klein deeply marked Alice.

Her father, a doctor for the World Health Organization (WHO), had to enter the country under the protection of this organization to pick up his daughter and granddaughter and take them back to Brazil. Vanessa, 19 years old in 1991, grew up with the memories transmitted by her mother.

She came to Chile in search of an approach to the facts and to her father. She has talked with his friends, schoolmates, colleagues; delving into ignored corners and trying to fill the void day by day, the space that her father occupied. "It would have fascinated me to know him, but I have heard so many beautiful things that I get the impression of having touched him, of having known him, of having had him close... and I carry a lot of him; they have told me that I have his same gestures, his expressions, his personality.

When I am with the people who knew him, they point out my father's gestures and expressions to me and highlight them. Sometimes it all turns out very strange..." Vanessa finally says. Jorge Klein's father, Rodolphe, after almost 30 years, returned to suffer the effects of persecution, this time with the detention and disappearance of his only son.

He already knew these practices from the years of Nazism in Europe. In search of Jorge, he toured hospitals, emergency services, regiments, the Legal Medical Institute, ministries, went to the French Embassy... he wrote to the Chamber of Deputies in Paris, to the President of France... he already had experience in these cases.

Mr. Rodolphe Klein passed away in 1989. Until his last days, he slept in his son's bedroom. They kept it intact with the photographs placed on the walls, his study diplomas, his sports awards... just as Jorge liked it.

Such was the very short 27-year life of Jorge Klein, that Jewish child who was born in a French town and who died in this distant and terrible Chile of 1973; he died among us, his relatives, his colleagues, and his friends, who expected so much from his talent, from his joy... from his life.

JORGE KLEIN PIPPER

Forcibly Disappeared. Santiago, La Moneda, September 1973. Jorge Klein was 27 years old, married, and the father of a daughter. Of Chilean nationality, he had been born in France. A psychiatrist by profession, he had further studies in Sociology.

He worked as an Advisor to the Presidency of the Republic and was a leader of the Communist Party. He was detained by military personnel on September 11, 1973, when the last group of people who were inside the La Moneda Palace left. Transferred to the Tacna Regiment on September 13. Since that date, his whereabouts are unknown. (Truth and Reconciliation Commission Report)

Source: adriangonigodoy.over.blog.com 07/22/2010

Date: 22-07-2010