While the vast majority of those who acted in the most violent, brutal, and terrifying episodes of the dictatorship were men, there were also women who participated in the military regime as torturers or "aides" to torture.

A very significant number were in administrative roles that allowed the repressive apparatus to function, but there were also those in direct operational roles, involved in kidnappings, torture, executions, and the disappearance of prisoners.

One of them is Zinaida Vicencio González, prosecuted for the murder of two young MIR militants in 1983, who is currently detained at the Army's Battalion Number 1, awaiting her transfer to a prison within the penitentiary system.

As of today, Punta Peuco has 70 inmates, following the arrival of 16 former CNI agents who murdered two young people in cold blood in 1983. However, there are still 34 military personnel waiting to enter the facility for murdering five young people in 1987.

However, following these new admissions, new questions arise regarding military prisoners and accomplices of the dictatorship and human rights violations: the women who have been prosecuted.

Alongside the seasoned torturers, among the cruelest agents in the torture chambers were the women who placed themselves at the service of terror. A very significant number were in administrative roles that allowed the repressive apparatus to function, but in Chile, there were also those in direct operational roles, involved in kidnappings, torture, executions, and the disappearance of prisoners.

This is a sample.

Ingrid Felicitas Olderock Benhard. She was in charge of training the German Shepherd dog, Volodia, which was used to rape several female prisoners at the Venda Sexy.

Simultaneously with putting the Cuartel Ollagüe into operation, the DINA also put this torture center into operation, known among detainees as the Venda Sexy, alluding to the fact that a significant portion of the torture carried out there involved rape and sexual aberrations, among which was the training of a German Shepherd dog—to which the agents gave the name Volodia, in reference to a writer who was then a high-ranking leader of the Communist Party—so that it would rape the female detainees, who were forced into a position that facilitated penetration by the animal.

The Venda Sexy, like the Cuartel Ollagüe, was previously a private residence in a middle-class neighborhood. This torture center operated continuously and systematically between the months of August and December 1974, although it continued to be used occasionally on later dates.

During the period in reference, about thirty people were killed as a result of the torture applied to them, or were simply murdered.

Rosa Humilde Ramos. The important case of the kidnapping of Miguel Angel Sandoval is linked to the one known as "the 119," due to the number of those whom they attempted to make appear as having died in internal fights in Argentina in the so-called "Operation Colombo."

Witnesses to Sandoval's kidnapping report having seen him at Villa Grimaldi until February 10, 1975, the day he was taken out along with María Isabel Joui Petersen, María Teresa Eltit Contreras, Renato Sepúlveda Guajardo, Jorge Herrera Jofré, and Claudio Silva Peralta, all of whom are forcibly disappeared.

The testimony of María Isabel Matamala provides another detail: she was detained by Osvaldo Romo and taken to Villa Grimaldi, tortured for 15 days by Romo and Basclay Zapata themselves, and interrogated by Moren, Krassnoff, Laureani, Ricardo Lawrence, Ferrer, and a woman nicknamed "the commander," whose name was Rosa Humilde Ramos.

The survivor María Salinas Farfán points out that she saw many detainees who are now forcibly disappeared and that, among the agents, she can recognize Romo, Laureani, Krassnoff, Moren Brito, Luz Arce, Marcia Merino, and Alicia Gómez (María Alicia Uribe Gómez), (a) La Carola (left).

Osvaldo Romo acknowledges that among the torturers at Villa Grimaldi were César Manríquez, Wenderot, and Palmira Almuna. Basclay Zapata, alias "el Troglo," declares that "in 1975 he married Teresa Osorio Navarro, also an official of the organization" and that he would go out with Luz Arce to "patrol" in a vehicle through the streets of Santiago.

Teresa Osorio says she "entered as a civilian employee of the Navy in 1974, being assigned to work at the DINA, at the Villa Grimaldi barracks, as Krassnoff's secretary. She knew that the DINA agents were divided into groups, called ‘Halcón,’ ‘Purén,’ ‘Aguila,’ and others, with the collective name for these being ‘Caupolicán.’ She reiterates her statements in a confrontation with Eugenio Fieldhouse (also an agent), insisting that she did not go out to detain people."

Fieldhouse, coming from the Investigations police, admits that among the agents at Villa Grimaldi were Teresa Osorio, Rosa Humilde Ramos, and Palmira Almuna. Meanwhile, survivor Raúl Flores Castillo relates that he was detained "by armed subjects, one of whom identified himself as Osvaldo Romo; they put him into a vehicle in which there were more people, a woman they called ‘la negra’ (Teresa Osorio), and a subject they called ‘el Troglo’."

While many of the women who belonged to the DINA performed administrative tasks, there is a team that has been categorized by survivors as "the most sadistic and cruel." Among them stood out Carabineros Sub-lieutenant Ingrid Felicitas Olderock Oelckers, who was an instructor of torturers as early as the initial school at Tejas Verdes.

As a member of the Purén Brigade, she was a trainer of the dogs used in the sexual humiliations committed against men and women at the secret "Venda Sexy" barracks.

Palmira Isabel Almuna Guzmán, alias La Pepa, also a Carabineros Sub-lieutenant, was a member of the Purén Brigade and a torturer at José Domingo Cañas under the orders of Ciro Torré Sáez; she subsequently worked under the orders of Pedro Espinoza Bravo.

She was in charge of selecting and instructing future agents, who were infiltrated as frivolous and pretty women into various spheres of national political relevance. She moved to the CNI and in 1985 returned to the Carabineros, serving in a juvenile correctional center in Iquique with the rank of commander in the female officer corps.

She was denounced at her home at Luis Beltrán 1000, in Pudahuel, on May 31, 2003, after which she has not been seen in the neighborhood again; she likely lives in Iquique.

Nélida Gutiérrez Rivera was the private secretary and mistress of Manuel Contreras. After her boss's arrest, she continued as his part-time secretary at the offices he had on Ricardo Lyon street; the rest of the time she dedicated to her boutique "Mané" (Manuel and Nélida) in the Lyon and Providencia shopping arcade.

Although the role played by Viviana Pincetti Barra is not known with certainty—she appears receiving salaries from the DINA and is the daughter of Osvaldo Pincetti Gac, alias "charla"—her father took her on "visits" to Villa Grimaldi and other barracks of the repressive organization.

Various testimonies speak of the terrible role played by Marcia Alejandra Evelyn Merino Vega, alias "la flaca Alejandra," as an agent after being a militant of the MIR. These days she lives in an insular area of Chile, from which she travels to Santiago to provide statements in the various trials against the DINA.

Luz Arce Sandoval, having become an agent, went from being a PS militant to the DINA. Survivors remember her present at torture sessions at Villa Grimaldi, Londres 38, and Cuatro Alamos. She continued her work at the CNI and in 1990 made herself available to the courts to testify in cases of the forcibly disappeared.

Today she lives outside of Chile and returns circumstantially to provide data in judicial proceedings.

María Alicia Uribe Gómez, alias "Carola," went from being a MIR militant to a DINA agent, then to the CNI, and after 1990 was integrated into the DINE. Together with other collaborators, they carried out veritable "fashion shows" with the clothing of prisoners murdered in the DINA barracks. She was seen at Villa Grimaldi, Cuatro Alamos, and José Domingo Cañas.

Rosa Humilde Ramos Hernández was known as "the commander," a torturer at José Domingo Cañas and Villa Grimaldi and a member of the Aguila Group of the Caupolicán Brigade. Her memory is indelible among survivors due to her masculine appearance and the sadism she applied during torture. Also cruel is María Teresa Osorio, alias "Soledad" or "la negra," wife of Basclay Zapata.

In the Purén Brigade, dedicated to the repression of the PS, the PC, and the DC, the detective Ximena San Juan, Elsa del Tránsito Lagos Salazar, Francisca del Carmen Cerda Galleguillos, and Nancy Edulia Vásquez Torrejón, alias "Pelusa," appear with operational functions.

In the Halcón II Group of the Caupolicán Brigade, a group that participated in the confrontation with Miguel Enríquez, was María Gabriela Ordenes, alias "Marisol," who was seen present at torture sessions.

Agents in administrative roles were

– Mirtha Espinoza Caamaño, DINA secretary, who worked under the command of Augusto Deitchler in the Sub-directorate of Internal Intelligence. – María Gabriela Coll Webar, staff secretary at General Headquarters. – Marta Smock Teixido, staff secretary at General Headquarters in the Sub-directorate of Economic Intelligence. – Sandra Montecinos Sepúlveda, staff secretary at General Headquarters. – Eliana Quilodrán, alias "Ely," an agent of the Directorate of Operations who acted under the command of Pedro Espinoza Bravo in the Education and Informatics section. – Teresa Aburto, secretary of Section C-2, who continued working at the CNI and later at the DINE. – Enriqueta Salazar Contreras, secretary of the Sub-directorate of Internal Intelligence with direct duties under Rolf Wenderoth, who would later be integrated into the Carabineros. – Maribel Maringue Moya, secretary to the Sub-director after Wenderoth's departure, who subsequently continued to perform duties in the CNI directorate.

Also appearing are

– Ana María Rubio de la Cruz, alias "Carmen Gutiérrez," Army non-commissioned officer and secretary of the Sub-directorate of External Intelligence, implicated in the assassination of General Carlos Prats and his wife. – María Eliana Moncada Prieto, secretary of the Sub-directorate of External Intelligence, who later joined the Counterintelligence Department. – Sara Aguila Márquez, social worker in the Personnel Sub-directorate. – Carmen Avila Ferrada, secretary to Arturo Ureta Siré in the Sub-directorate of External Intelligence, subsequently moving to hold the same position at the CNI, under the command of Colonel Suau. – Alejandra Damián Serrano, who used the alias "Roxana," was Michel Townley's secretary.

The nurse María Eliana Bolumburú Taboada (Bolumburó according to the "Elissalde and Poblete" list) was part of the DINA Health Brigade, working in clandestine clinics alongside several doctors who advised on the torture. The last information on her whereabouts placed her working at a pharmaceutical company on Ejército street and living in a residential area of Maipú.

The Girl from the Joint Command

It seems that the only woman in the Joint Command is the famous Pochi, who was seen dressed in a school uniform asking about people who would later be kidnapped. She was also active in the torture inflicted on dozens of prisoners in the clandestine torture centers known as Nido 20 and Nido 18.

Viviana Lucinda Ugarte Sandoval was a soldier (r) of the FACH, assigned to the DIFA and the Joint Command. She is the spouse of General Patricio Campos Montecinos, Director General of Civil Aeronautics until the denunciation made by the newspaper La Nación.

Prosecuted during the dictatorship by Judge Cerda as the author of criminal illicit association and an accomplice in the disappearance of Reinalda Pereira and Edrás Pinto, she was granted amnesty by Judge Manuel Silva Ibáñez. These days she continues to be implicated in the proceedings being carried out against the Joint Command.

Source: reddigital.cl October 22, 2015

The torturers: who they are and where they are. What the Valech Report does not say

Since 2010, incomplete information regarding Chilean torturers, referring only to doctors, has been circulating online. In recent days, it has been disseminated again in a truncated form. We have tracked the original publication and its source in order to unearth the full document, which offers much more data: the members of the DINA, or "Pinochet’s hand."

"I was raped, they gave me electric shocks, they burned me with cigarettes, they gave me ‘hickeys,’ they put rats on me. I think I was at Venda Sex (a secret DINA facility); they tied me to a stretcher where trained dogs raped me.

I was always covered with tape, then a blindfold, and then a hood. They laughed, offered us food, and gave us orange peels. They would wake us up at night to make us lose our sense of time." (Testimony of a 16-year-old girl, kidnapped in the Metropolitan Region, who was later expelled from the country without her family.)

The horror became present for all Chileans. Some will continue to say it is a lie, that the survivors "were paid to speak against the Armed Forces," or ultimately that "they deserved it." But the country has already learned the truth, and even a model-host wants to "know the names of the torturers." That is the idea of this special: to provide a part of the truth that does not have to wait 50 years to be known.

That is one of the many criticisms made of the Report on Political Imprisonment and Torture presented by Ricardo Lagos on the night of Sunday, November 28, through a pre-recorded speech for the national broadcast aired before the news programs on television channels.

Alone, with no victims or family members to look in the eye, the President of the Republic fulfilled the ritual of informing his fellow citizens. There was no symbolic delivery of the text, no possibility of asking questions, no recognition of the motives that led so many men and women to torture their compatriots, no accurate criticism, no names of victims or victimizers; the background information was not handed over to the Justice system, as had been done after the Rettig Report and even the Dialogue Table.

Reactions from hatred

Appointed senators and former uniformed officers reacted by dismissing their participation in the crimes. Former Admiral Jorge Martínez Bush demanded a "full stop" to end the "lies" against his institution.

The other former admiral, Jorge Arancibia, flatly denied the possibility of "decommissioning" the La Esmeralda, "which can only be decommissioned in combat," and threatened: "I cannot commit myself, nor can anyone else, to ensuring that something never happens again if I do not know what causes it." Many insisted on Hermógenes Pérez de Arce’s thesis regarding the baseless slanders against the uniformed officers and the "military government," repeated by retired generals and admirals.

Appointed senator and former commander-in-chief of the FACH (Chilean Air Force) Ramón Vega supported his institution's official statement and added: "We are lamenting the consequences today and we are investigating them, but a plan for torture—at least I never heard of it, it was never analyzed, nor in the War Academy, nor in the Aviation School, nor in any training school was the word 'torture' ever heard." Senators Rodolfo Stange and Fernando Cordero, former general directors of the Carabineros, did not accept institutional responsibility for the tortures and asserted that "there are no reasons for the uniformed police to apologize."

Stange criticized the report on torture "because it borders on the unconstitutional, calling institutions into question rather than individuals. I participated in the government junta, but I do not offer a mea culpa because I do not feel responsible for any extreme situation as is being indicated in Bishop Valech’s commission," he noted.

Cordero, for his part, said that one would have to "complete the third leg of the table, because at this moment the table is wobbly; a mea culpa must be made for what occurred before September 11, 1973, which was the cause of all the situations that occurred subsequently." The current General Director, Alberto Cienfuegos, also appeared distant from the possibility of apologizing or assuming institutional responsibility, although he should answer for what his role was, starting March 25, 1974, when as a lieutenant he was appointed on a service commission to serve as Head of the Information Office of the National Executive Secretariat of Detainees, remembered by many people by its acronym: SENDET.

The UDI, Renovación Nacional, and Lavín opted to downplay the profile, to appear in deep shock, even asserting that their participation in the dictatorship was, precisely, to prevent further abuses from being committed and to pave the way for democracy.

No one believed them. Sergio Fernández continued trying to dismiss his participation in human rights violations, but his cabinet colleague Mónica Madariaga asserted that in the clandestine torture centers, agents knew him as "the ugly one" (el car’e jote).

Soon he will have to begin continuous visits to the courts, along with Sergio Onofre Jarpa, Sergio Diez, Ambrosio Rodríguez, among so many others, to answer the many questions that arise about their responsibilities as civil authorities.

A new avalanche of lawsuits for torture, like those already filed by hundreds of former political prisoners, is announced following the delivery of the report. Fernández Fernández will have to answer, for example, for why he denied the existence of Villa Grimaldi to the Justice system, as demonstrated by the confidential official letter in which he responds on May 18, 1978, to the inquiry from the Third Major Crime Court of Santiago.

Demands from organizations

The coalition of organizations of former political prisoners reacted in unison (see page 2); the groups of victims' relatives joined the denunciation. The Communist Party announced new lawsuits and added that "the main reparation the country expected is that which relates to this being proportional to the damage caused.

This implies truth and full justice for all victims. We demand that for the sake of those principles, the Report be made public in its entirety; that the names of the torturers be handed over to the courts of justice and that all judicial processes that are required be initiated; that their files be declassified immediately and not in 50 years; that all those responsible for torture and abuse be immediately removed from the armed forces and police; that the military doctrine whose matrix is established by North American imperialism be ended, and in which Chilean military and police cadres are and have been systematically instructed to repress their own people." The issue of monetary reparation was not the center of the controversy, except for Ricardo Lagos's attempt to blackmail the tortured with the threat of having to take money from social programs to pay their compensation. From CODEPU, another demand was made: "Just as new deadlines are going to be opened to reconsider the status of victims for those who did not qualify, we propose that because it is a crime against humanity, there cannot be an exclusionary deadline for qualification. In this sense, the State must open a new deadline for new submissions from people who, for various reasons, did not attend the initial call, especially when the Report itself points out that the testimonies collected ‘only represent a partial sample of the total universe of people affected by said human rights violations during the military regime.’" Thus, neither the mea culpa that some media outlets, such as Canal 13, attempted to make, nor the "astonishment" of some dictatorship officials like Jorge Hevia, have managed to remove the main issue from the center: in Chile, there was torture. Torture was systematic and organized, supported by the entire infrastructure of the State turned terrorist; hundreds of men and women were trained to subject other men and women to the most terrible abuses. The use of rats and dogs to sexually assault prisoners, electricity on the most delicate corners of their bodies, mock executions, food deprivation for long periods, and many other aberrations were committed against those they considered "enemies," "humanoids" in the words of one of the members of the Military Junta. The other thing that has been clear is that the survivors have had the courage and dignity to recount what they suffered, to transform it into hope and the desire to continue insisting on the need to transform this country, to continue fighting to make the dreams of those who could not come to give their testimony a reality: the executed and the forcibly disappeared.

DINA: Pinochet’s hand

"I always complied (...) in accordance with the orders that the President of the Republic gave me. Only he, as the Superior Authority of the DINA, could arrange and order the missions to be executed and always, in my capacity as Delegate of the President and Executive Director of the DINA, I strictly complied with what was ordered." (Manuel Contreras Sepúlveda, director of the DINA).

In the trials against the DINA, looking at the list of the accused and convicted, it would seem that the only ones who made it up were a few commanders headed by their director Juan Manuel Contreras Sepúlveda, alias "Mamo" and "Mojón." Pedro Octavio Espinoza Bravo, alias "Don Rodrigo"; Raúl Eduardo Iturriaga Neumann, alias "Don Elías" and "Luis Gutiérrez"; Miguel Krassnoff Martchenko, alias "crazy horse"; and the operatives Gerardo Godoy García, Basclay Zapata Reyes, and Osvaldo Romo Mena always appear.

But the torturers were many more.

Caupolicán Brigade

Major Marcelo Luis Manuel Moren Brito, head of the Caupolicán Brigade. Alias "coronta," "ronco," and "oso." Lieutenant Colonel Vianel Valdivieso Cervantes, alias "Víctor." Head of the Psychological Operations Department.

He maintained contact with journalists who provided services to the DINA, such as Roberto Araya, Julio López Blanco, Claudio Sánchez, Pablo Honorato, Ricardo Coya, and Beatriz Undurraga, and the publicist Manfredo Mayol.

He retired in 1987 and set up a private company in Temuco. Corvette Captain Sergio José Peñaloza Marusic, operative agent. Corvette Captain Alejandro Paulino Campos Rehbein, alias "Antolín." ID 3.704.573-K.

Operative agent. Later joined the Sub-directorate of Foreign Intelligence. Captain Francisco Maximiliano Ferrer Lima. Alias "Max Lenoux." Head of the clandestine torture center known as José Domingo Cañas, replacing Ciro Torré.

Partner of "Pedro Diet Lobos" and instructor at the National Intelligence School, teaching courses on "secret service and observation." He continued his work in the CNI and remained in active service at least until the early 90s with the rank of colonel.

Lieutenant Fernando Eduardo Laureani Maturana, alias "Lieutenant Pablo." Agent of the Caupolicán Brigade and head of the Aguila group, known as "the fat ones." Until the early 90s, he continued in active service, with the rank of colonel, as Chief of Staff of the 3rd Army Division in Concepción.

Carabinero Lieutenant Jaime Gustavo López Abarca, agent of Londres 38 and Cuatro Alamos. ID 1.822.793-2. Involved in the disappearance of María Cecilia Labrín Sazo. Carabinero Corporal Emilio Hernán Troncoso Vivallos.

ID 4.236.940-3. Involved in the disappearances of Juan Bautista and Washington Maturana Pérez, Mario Juica Vega, Gabriel Castillo, and Daniel Palma Robledo. Carabinero Corporal Heriberto del Carmen Acevedo Acevedo.

Army Lieutenant Jorge Claudio Andrade Gómez, ID 5.293.833-3. In the first days of the coup, he participated in the massacre of the Panguipulli logging complex. He acted under the direct command of Krassnoff at the Terranova barracks (Villa Grimaldi).

In August 1979, already in the CNI, he participated in the application of the tortures that caused the death of professor Federico Alvarez Santibáñez. In 1991, he was a major in the Metropolitan General Garrison and a member of the DINE.

Carabinero Corporal José Aravena Ruiz, alias "devil's doll" and "little spoon"—the latter nickname was given to him by prisoners because he used to hit their knuckles with a spoon after the torture. He was exposed (funado) in December 1999 at his home at Alfonso Leng 5569-0, in Villa Santa Elena de Macul, a site he abandoned shortly after.

Army conscript Samuel Enrique Fuenzalida Devia, alias "cat." Emilio Iribarren Ledermann, alias "Joel." Went from being a MIR militant to a DINA agent. Leonardo Alberto Schneider Jordán, alias "Beard." Went from being a MIR militant to an agent, first of the Joint Command and then of the DINA.

These days he is being prosecuted in several cases of torture and disappearances. Carabinero Captain Egladio Salgado Torres, agent assigned to the Belgrano General Headquarters, but also with operative functions in kidnappings and torture at Villa Grimaldi.

In 1980, he returned to his institution, joining the DICAR. He retired with the rank of colonel. Sergio Bernardino Ortega Parada, alias "gil culiao." Corvette Captain Sergio José Peñaloza Marusic. ID 4.782.486-9. DINA operative agent until its dissolution.

Carabinero Corporal José Avelino Yévenes Vergara, alias "Quico" or "Daniel Cáceres." Member of the Halcón II group, with duties as a torturer at Londres 38, José Domingo Cañas, and Villa Grimaldi. At the end of the DINA, he moved to the CNI and then to the DINE. He was exposed at his home at Calle B 5266, Villa San Luis de Macul, Peñalolén commune.

Purén Brigade

Army Captain Alfonso Faúndez Norambuena, Head of the Purén Brigade. ID 5.454.077-1. On September 11, he was serving at the San Bernardo Infantry School, participating in the executions and disappearances in Paine and Cerro Chena.

He continued his work in the CNI. After the end of the dictatorship, he settled in Talca, where he has a company that provides forage and grain to the Army. Army Colonel Manuel Andrés Carevic Cubillos, alias "Raúl" and "Claudio." Second in command of the Purén Brigade.

He continued his work in the CNI and, in 1989, was appointed Plaza Chief in the district of La Pintana, Puente Alto, Pirque, and San José de Maipú. Until the early 90s, he was part of the DINE with the rank of colonel.

Carabinero Major Eduardo Víctor Espinoza Paiella. ID 3.662.969-K. Agent of the Economics Department. Retired along with Manuel Contreras.

Carabinero Captain Germán Jorge Barriga Muñoz, alias "Don Jaime." ID 5.060.938-3. Member of the Purén Brigade and later of the CNI. With the rank of colonel, Barriga held positions in the National Mobilization Directorate in 1991.

He was exposed at his home at Irarrázaval 2061, apartment 105, a place he abandoned hastily. Today he is head of security for Lider supermarkets. Lieutenant Manuel Abraham Vásquez Chahuán, alias "Lieutenant Manuel." ID 5.090.309-K.

Responsible for the disappearances and executions in Paine and Cerro Chena. He continued in the CNI and in 1989 was appointed commander of the Logistics Battalion of Concepción.

Army Corporal Basclay Humberto Zapata Reyes, alias "the troglodyte." Known for being very cruel in tortures and raping detained women. Prosecuted for multiple cases of disappearance, executions, and torture.

Until the early 90s, he remained as an instructor at the "Daniel Rebolledo" Non-Commissioned Officers School and with operative duties in the DINE. Carabinero Officer Gerardo Urrich González, alias "black hand." Instructor at Tejas Verdes.

Responsible for a series of executions in the sector known as Barrancas, today mostly the Pudahuel commune. He was exposed at his office of "Alcázar Security Services," located at Ahumada 236, office 408.

Army Lieutenant Manuel Jorge Provis Carrasco. As a member of the San Bernardo Infantry School, he participated in the crimes of Paine and Cerro Chena. He continued in repressive tasks and was commander of the CNI barracks on Borgoño street, participating in Operation Albania.

At the end of 1989, he returned from a professional trip he made to Israel. Until 1991, he was a lieutenant colonel in the Army Intelligence Brigade. Army Lieutenant Marco Antonio Sáez Saavedra. ID 5.795.624-0.

Specialist in the repression of the Communist Party and Socialist Party. In 1991, he was a lieutenant colonel and performed his duties in the Army Operations Directorate. Brother-in-law of CNI major Joaquín Molina, murdered by Manuel Contreras Valdebenito.

Army Lieutenant Manuel Rolando Mosqueira Jarpa. Detective Manuel Gregorio Chirinos Ramírez. Detective Jorge Lander Cabezas. Detective Francisco Aladino Caamaño Díaz. Detective Arturo Patricio Vargas Cid. Investigations Inspector Juan Saldías Valdés, alias "Dirty Harry." Investigations Inspector Risiere del Prado Altes España, alias "Pedro."

Other commanders and agents

Army Lieutenant Colonel Jerónimo Luzberto Pantoja Hernández, Deputy Director of the DINA and the CNI. ID 2.095.044-7. Responsible for the Chihuío massacre as vice-commander of the Maturana Regiment of Valdivia.

In 1990, he was arrested for his participation in the illegal financial firm known as "La Cutufa." Army Lieutenant Colonel Alberto Elissalde Muller, Head of the Economics Department. ID 3.118.465-7. As head of the Personnel Sub-directorate, he paid the agents' salaries through the front companies "Villar y Reyes" and "Elissalde y Poblete." At least until the late 90s, he lived on one of his extensive properties in the southern part of the country.

Major Carlos Rafael Parera Silva, Alias "Luis Gutiérrez," ID 3.090.193-2. Head of the Foreign Department (successor to Iturriaga Neumann). In 1973, he was Second Commander of the Black Berets in Peldehue.

When the DINA was dissolved, he rejoined the Army and was assigned as Commander of the Dolores Regiment, Director of the Paratrooper and Special Forces School, and in 1985, military attaché in France. In the government of Patricio Aylwin, he was Military Attaché at the Chilean embassy in South Africa.

Andrés Terrise Castro. Agent of the Psychological Operations Department, where he performed functions of covering up crimes and preparing propaganda campaigns. He continued in the CNI and the DINE as a civil agent.

Today he appears as a businessman for an advertising firm based in the Ciudad Empresarial of Huechuraba. Major Rolf Gonzalo Wenderoth Pozo, head of Villa Grimaldi. ID 3.870.222-K. He was the boss and lover of Luz Arce.

In 1985, he was a military attaché in the Federal Republic of Germany, retiring in 1987 to go south, where many high-ranking DINA officials have extensive areas of land. Major Julio Cerda Carrasco, Head of Security of the Central Barracks (Belgrano).

Responsible for disappearances and executions in Cerro Chena. He retired in December 2002 as Commander-in-Chief of the IV Army Division. Army Captain Eugenio Armando Videla Valdebenito, operative agent.

ID 4.209.466-8. Participated in the Tejas Verdes courses before belonging to the DINA. He was director of the Tejas Verdes Engineer School and governor of San Antonio. In active service until the early 90s, he eventually joined the Army General Staff.

Army Lieutenant Juan Viterbo Chiminelli Fullerton, ID 3.704.546-2. Foreign Department Agent. In 1973, he served in the aviation command and was one of the pilots who accompanied General Arellano Stark to the south and north of the country in the "Caravan of Death." In 1974, he became part of the DINA.

Exposed at his home on Avenida El Bosque Norte and his work at the mining company Kvaerner-Chile, of Dutch origin. Lieutenant Ricardo Víctor Lawrence Mires, 5.392.869-2, Head of Halcón 1 Brigade. Alias "big cheek." Prosecuted for numerous cases of kidnapping, execution, and torture, including the disappearance of María Cecilia Labrín Sazo, who was in an advanced state of pregnancy.

He was exposed at Tabancura 1382, his workplace at the shrimp distributor "Kamaron Bay," where he uses the alias "Ricardo Flores" in his contact with owners of numerous restaurants in Santiago. Carabinero Lieutenant Emilio Patricio Sajuria Alvear, partner of the front company Pedro Diet Lobos.

ID 5.122.525-2. Exposed at Telefónica, where he worked in its Legal Department. Today he practices as a lawyer for tourism companies. Carabinero Second Lieutenant Gerardo Ernesto Godoy García, Head of the Tucán Support Group and Head of Venda Sexy.

Alias "little cheek." Until March 1991, with the rank of major, he was head of the Ancud police station. After that date, he was transferred to Santiago. Today he is convicted for the kidnapping of Miguel Angel Sandoval, having to be transferred to Punta Peuco II, although he is still seen at his house in La Reina.

Carabinero Officer Gerardo Alejandro Aravena Longa, operative agent. ID 4.567.685-4. Involved in the execution of five political prisoners in Cuesta Barriga and in the disappearance of José Guillermo Barrera.

When the DINA ended, he moved to the CNI and in 1985 returned to the Carabineros, retiring as a commander. Today he is General Manager of Radio Santiago. Army Officer Mario Alejandro Jara Seguel. ID 3.319.824-8.

Head of the DINA barracks in the IV Region, based in Coquimbo. At another time, he was in command of the brigade that operated in Rocas de Santo Domingo. Personal friend of Manuel Contreras. He acquired a plot of land between Coquimbo and La Serena where he would live with his former secretary, named Nancy.

Joint Command Terrorism from the FACH

The so-called Joint Command (CC) was an intelligence group that operated approximately between the end of 1975 and 1976, and whose main objective was the repression of the so-called Central Force of the MIR, and the central committees of the Communist Party and the Communist Youth.

During this period, according to the Rettig Report, it was responsible for the disappearance of nearly 30 people. Other sources speak of more than 70. The CC was formed mainly by agents belonging to the Air Force Intelligence Directorate (DIFA) and later with significant participation by personnel from the Carabinero Intelligence Directorate (DICAR).

It also counted, to a lesser extent, on the participation of agents from the Naval Intelligence Service (SIN) and some personnel from the Army Intelligence Directorate (DINE). In addition, members of the Chilean Investigative Police and civilians from the extreme right-wing group Patria y Libertad collaborated in that Command.

The beginnings at the AGA: Witnesses who survived the tortures of the Air War Academy remember as their torturers, among others, generals Orlando Gutiérrez Bravo and Juan Soler Manfredini; commanders Sergio Lizasoaín Mitrano, Edgar Cevallos Jones, Jaime Lavín Fariña, Carlos Godoy Avendaño, Juan Bautista González, Ramón Cáceres Jorquera, and Humberto Velásquez Estay; the FACH colonel and doctor Humberto Berg Fontecilla; colonels Sergio Sanhueza López and Javier Lopetegui Torres; captains León Duffey Treskoff (who reached the rank of general within the FACH), Alberto Waschtendorf, Juan Carlos Sandoval, Alvaro Gutiérrez (currently residing in Melipilla), Jaime Lemus, Víctor Mattig Guzmán, Florencio Dublé, Contreras, and Hernán Fucshlogher (head of the permanent guard); the lawyer Julio Tapia Falk (mastermind of the war council and main advisor to General Leigh. Appointed rector at the U. de Chile, lawyer for Manuel Contreras when he tried to take refuge in the Talcahuano Naval Hospital and, lately, a plaintiff against the play "Arturo Prat." He works in his private law firm in the Providencia commune, on Santa Magdalena street), legal advisors Cristián Rodríguez, Jaime Cruzat Corvera (who has his office right on Paseo Huérfanos), and Víctor Barahona; lieutenants Juan Carlos Sandoval, Luis Campos, José García Huidobro, Franklin Bello, and Gonzalo Pérez Canto; sergeant Hugo "chuncho" Lizana, non-commissioned officer Juan Normabuena, corporal Eduardo Cartagena, and 2nd corporal Gabriel Cortés (who changed his name).

The most sinister

Sergio Manuel Barra Von Kretschmann: (ID 1.614.559-9), head of the Naval Intelligence Service in the Intelligence Community (José Antonio Ríos 6). Frigate captain at the time of the coup d'état, part of the DINA leadership in 1974 and deputy director in 1975.

In 1976, he became part of the CNI. He was prosecuted as an accomplice to the criminal illicit association and the kidnapping of Edrás Pinto and Reinalda Pereira by Minister Cerda. Freddy Enrique Ruiz Bunger, general (r) of the FACH.

Head of the DIFA at J.A.R. 6. Prosecuted as the author of the criminal illicit association and accomplice to the kidnapping of Edrás Pinto and Reinalda Pereira, for the kidnapping of Víctor Vega and the disappearance and death of Juan Luis Rivera Matus.

Also for the crime of qualified kidnapping of Víctor Vega, David Urrutia, Juan Carlos Orellana, Ricardo Weibel, Alonso Gahona Chávez, and Miguel Rodríguez Gallardo, and the illegal detention of survivors Isabel Stange, Jaime Estay, and Amanda Velasco.

Mario H. Vivero Avila, general (r) of the FACH, Aviation judge and commander of the Santiago garrison in 1976. Prosecuted as a cover-up for the illicit association and the disappearance of Víctor Vega.

Edgar Benjamín Cevallos Jones, colonel (r) of the FACH. Director of the DIFA and later of the SIFA, torturer at the Air War Academy and boss of Roberto Fuentes Morrison in the CC. Alias "Inspector Cabezas." ID 2.895.236-8.

Prosecuted as the author of the criminal illicit association and accomplice to the kidnapping of Edrás Pinto and Reinalda Pereira, and for the disappearance of Luis Baeza Cruces and the murder of Alfonso Carreño Diaz in 1974.

Carlos Arturo Madrid Hayden, commander (r) of the FACH. Vice-commander of the Colina Anti-Aircraft Artillery Regiment in which the "Remo Cero" torture center operated. Prosecuted as the author of criminal illicit association, of the kidnapping of Víctor Vega and Juan Luis Rivera Matus.

Daniel Luis Enrique Guimpert Corvalán, lieutenant (r) of the Navy (ID 4.638.149-1). Prosecuted as the author of the criminal illicit association and accomplice to the kidnapping of Edrás Pinto, Reinalda Pereira, and Víctor Vega.

Eduardo Enrique Cartagena Maldonado, alias "Lalo." ID 5.083.760. Non-commissioned officer (r) of the FACH. CC agent since 1975, participating in kidnappings, torture, and disappearances of numerous communist leaders between that year and 1976.

After the dissolution of this organization, he joined the Air Force Intelligence Service (SIFA). His last known address is Del Rey 394, Maipú, where he was denounced by the FUNA Commission. It is most likely that he is living in the central coastal area.

Miguel Arturo Estay Reyno, alias "El Fanta." ID 6.446.545-7. Former communist militant, went from being an informant to an agent after being detained in 1975 by members of the Joint Command. Prosecuted by Minister Cerda and amnestied by Silva Ibáñez, today he is serving a life sentence in Colina for the murder of the three communist professionals and is being prosecuted for the disappearance of Víctor Vega.

César Luis Palma Ramírez, alias "El Fifo." ID 6.387.372-1. As a militant of Patria y Libertad, he participated in numerous terrorist attacks against the UP government; he was detained in August 1973 for his participation in the homicide of presidential aide Arturo Araya, amnestied after the coup d'état by Admiral Adolfo Waulbaum.

A friend of Fuentes Morrison, who brings him to the CC, he becomes his right-hand man in the execution of repressive tasks. His last known address is El Quilo 5535, Quinta Normal, where the cooling equipment factory FRIGOMET LTDA. operates, where they claim they do not know him; however, his phone-fax 7738010 continues to be in the name of Palma Ramírez.

Leonardo Alberto Schneider Jordán, alias "El Barba." ID 5.521.250-3. Former MIR militant, agent. Accused by numerous survivors of having participated in their detention and torture at the Air War Academy.

Later he would join the brigade that was dedicated to repressing the MIR in the DINA. Prosecuted for torture and permanent kidnapping in at least two Santiago courts. His last known address is Las Hualtatas 4966, phone 2633546, Vitacura. Roberto Alfonso Flores Cisterna, alias "El Huaso." ID 7.767.975-8. Soldier (R) of the FACH.

CH. On September 11, 1973, as a soldier of the FACH at the El Bosque Air Base, he participated in the interrogation and torture of detainees. In 1975, he joined the CC, becoming responsible for the kidnapping, torture, and forced disappearance of dozens of communist militants.

He remained in active service with the SIFA until the mid-90s; today, he is employed in the commercial sector. His last known address is Villa Tantauco, Block 10282, Apt. 31, San Bernardo.

Otto Silvio Trujillo Miranda, civilian agent, alias "Colmillo Blanco" in a report by La Nación. ID 5.684.434-1. A DC militant in his youth, he later joined Patria y Libertad, where he met "Wally," who would bring him into the CC.

He participated in the kidnapping, torture, and forced disappearance of dozens of left-wing militants until his expulsion due to an incident with the DINA. After a long stay in the Penitentiary Hospital, he has been seen moving about the commune of La Florida.

Guillermo Antonio Urra Carrasco, alias "Willy." ID 6.687.227-0. Second Corporal (R) of the FACH. Operational agent of the CC since its formalization in 1975. He was prosecuted by Judge Carlos Cerda for his participation in the kidnapping, torture, and forced disappearance of dozens of left-wing militants.

According to direct witnesses, he is responsible for the execution of prisoners in Cajón del Maipo (among them José Weibel and agents Carol Flores and Guillermo Bratti), in Cuesta Barriga (among others, Horacio Cepeda, Fernando Ortiz, and Reinalda Pereira), and for the disposal of others at sea off the coast of Quinteros. His last known address is Santa Blanca 1990, Las Condes.

Fernando Patricio Zúñiga Canales, alias "Chirola." ID 5.974.807-6. Non-commissioned officer (R) of the FACH. As a soldier at the El Bosque Air Base on September 11, 1973, he participated in the torture of his comrades-in-arms.

He was later transferred to the Air War Academy to perform the same duties and from there joined the DIFA. In 1975, he joined the CC, where he participated in the kidnapping, torture, and forced disappearance of dozens of left-wing militants. He belonged to the FACH Intelligence Service (SIFA) at least until the early 90s. His last known address is Pasaje Simón Bolívar 1298, San Bernardo.

Jorge Rodrigo Cobos Manríquez, FACH reserve lieutenant, formerly of Patria y Libertad. Alias "Kiko" or "Elefantito" (ID 5.890.505-4). Prosecuted as the author of criminal illicit association and an accomplice to the kidnapping of Edrás Pinto, Reinalda Pereira, and Víctor Vega.

Jorge Arnoldo Barraza Riveros, Commissioner (r) of the Investigative Police. Alias "El Zambra." Prosecuted as an accomplice to criminal illicit association.

Pedro Ernesto Caamaño Medina, non-commissioned officer (r) of the FACH. Alias "Peter" (ID 7.024.319-9). Operational agent at the "La Firma" torture center. Prosecuted by Judge Carlos Hazbún for the kidnapping of Víctor Vega.

He participated in the kidnapping of José Weibel and dozens of militants of the Communist Youth. His last known address is José Miguel Carrera 424, apartment 702, Santiago Centro, where he was denounced to his neighbors by the Comisión FUNA.

Alejandro Fígari Verdugo, alias Luty, formerly of Patria y Libertad, second in command of the detention team after "Fifo" Palma (according to Otto Trujillo). ID 6.693.227-3.

Alex Damián Carrasco Olivos, FACH official, bodyguard for Leigh, Fernando Matthei, and Ramón Vega. Alias "Loco Alex" (ID 6.243.426-7). Operational agent of the Comando Conjunto.

Juan Arturo Chávez Sandoval, corporal (r) of the FACH. Alias "Peque," "Rucio," or "Pol." ID 6.476.141-2. Torturer at the AGA and CC operative. Prosecuted for the kidnapping of Víctor Vega.

Raúl Horacio González Fernández, official (r) of the FACH. Alias "Rodrigo" or "Wally Chico." ID 6.519.815-0. Witnesses state he participated in the detention of José Weibel. He was "funado" (publicly denounced) in Puerto Montt in October 2002, in front of the Volcanes radio taxi company located at Calle Doctor Marín 459, phones 313131 and 313989, from which he offered services to the newspapers El Mercurio and El Llanquihue, and to the local branch of Coca-Cola.

Prosecuted as an accomplice to the illegal detention of Amanda Velasco Pedersen in the 25th Criminal Court.

Antonio Benedicto Quiros Reyes, ID 3.189.349-6. Colonel (r) of the FACH and head of the Counterintelligence Department during the years of the CC. Prosecuted by Carlos Cerda as the author of criminal illicit association.

Andrés Pablo Potin Lailhacar, civilian agent of the CC. Alias "Yerko." ID 5.390.709-1. A militant of Patria y Libertad arrested in August 1973 for his participation in the homicide of presidential aide Arturo Araya. Prosecuted by Judge Hazbún as a participant in the kidnapping of Víctor Vega. He is listed as a businessman in the computer sector with an office at Américo Vespucio Norte 2506.

Robinson Alfonso Suazo Jaque, soldier (r) of the FACH. Alias "Jonathan." ID 7.641.894-2. Torturer at the AGA. Prosecuted in the 25th Criminal Court for the kidnapping and forced disappearance of Víctor Vega.

Pedro Juan Zambrano Uribe, FACH official. Alias "Chino." ID 6.969.320-2. Prosecuted by Minister Hazbún as the author of the kidnapping of Víctor Vega.

Franklin Bello Calderón, lieutenant (r) of the FACH, prosecuted in the Ninth Criminal Court of Santiago for the forced disappearance of Luis Baeza Cruces and the murder of Alfonso Carreño Diaz in 1974.

Other torturers of the Comando Conjunto:

Miguel Angel Perucca López, FACH reservist. Víctor Misael Robles Mella, officer (r) of the FACH. Luis Eduardo Rojas Campillay, FACH official. Patricio Eugenio Saavedra Rojas, commander (r) of the FACH.

Ramón Eduardo Valenzuela Cuevas, 5.934.129-4. Alberto Roque Badilla Grillo, ID 5.164.080-2. Tito Alejandro Figarí Verdugo, ID 6.693.227-3. Angel Gabriel Valdivia Pérez, ID 3.277.893-3. Lénin Figueroa Sánchez, ID 4.633.329-2.

Enrique Augusto Werner Haase, 4.086.322-2. Santiago Segundo San Martín Riquelme, ID 4.530.448-5. Angel Segundo Valdivia Pérez, ID 3.996.083-4. José Florentino Fuentes Castro, ID 5.340.552-5. Francisco Hidalgo García, 2.633.797-6. Francisco Segundo Illanes Miranda, ID 4.294.918-3. Ernesto Arturo Lobos Gálvez, ID 5.082.345-8. Jorge Aníbal Osses Novoa, ID 4.818.025-6.

The Doctors

Breaking the Hippocratic Oath

"I swear by Apollo the Physician and Asclepius and Hygeia and Panacea and all the gods and goddesses, making them my witnesses, that I will fulfill this oath according to my ability and judgment... I will follow that regimen which, according to my ability and judgment, will benefit the sick and will keep them from harm and terror.

I will give no deadly drug to any, though it be asked of me, nor will I counsel such. Likewise, I will not give to any woman a destructive pessary; I will keep my life and my art pure... Now, if I fulfill this oath and do not break it, may the fruits of life and art be mine, may I be honored by all men for all time, and may the opposite befall me if I break it and am forsworn..."

Part of the Hippocratic Oath

Darwin Arriagada. Physician, leader of the Medical Association of Chile in 1973. He was appointed by the Military Junta as Director General of Health. He participated in the plan to administer drugs in food to murder political prisoners. He turned in numerous left-wing doctors, more than 30 of whom were murdered.

Camilo Azar Saba. CNI physician. He was suspended for six months from the Medical Association for his participation in the torture applied to prisoners in CNI barracks. Implicated in the case of Federico Alvarez Santibáñez.

Guillermo Aranda. Physician from Punta Arenas, cardiologist. He applied his knowledge to the torture of prisoners in this city.

Alejandro Babaich Schmith. Director of the "Cirujano Guzmán" Hospital in Punta Arenas. Advisor on torture against political prisoners.

Gregorio Burgos. Physician at the Los Angeles Regiment. He advised DINA agents on how to torture without the detainee losing consciousness.

Víctor Carcuro Correa. CNI physician. This doctor was suspended from his rights in the Medical Association for his participation in the torture that culminated in the death of the transporter Mario Fernández López, in La Serena, in October 1984.

Raúl Díaz Doll. Physician, official of the General Directorate of the National Health Service. He was a member of the military commission that investigated the political affiliation of doctors. He organized the spying within the service and participated personally in the interrogations of detained and tortured doctors.

Guido Mario Félix Díaz Paci. Army and CNI physician. A military health officer of the Army who participated in the events that culminated in the death of the transporter Mario Fernández López in La Serena.

The cause of Fernández López's death was the torture suffered in the CNI barracks of that city in October 1984. When Mario Fernández had to be transferred to the La Serena Hospital, Díaz Paci lied to the doctors on duty at the hospital, claiming that the detainee came from a Carabineros station and not the CNI, requesting that the doctors hide the detainee's condition.

Once Fernández passed away, the doctor and CNI agent attempted to have the physician who had performed emergency surgery on the victim falsify the diagnosis of his death, hiding the true reasons for the passing.

For all these reasons, Guido Díaz Paci was expelled from the Medical Association. In 1974, he participated in the exhumation of the body of María Avalos, murdered along with her husband, Bernardo Lejdermann, in December 1973 by a patrol from the Arica Regiment of La Serena. In the death certificate, he claimed that the woman had blown herself up with dynamite.

José María Fuentealba Suazo. Army physician. On October 27, 1973, José Fuentealba participated in the delegation that traveled to Río Mayo, in Argentina, to transport 3 detainees, Juan Vera, Néstor Castillo, and José Rosendo Pérez, who had been captured by the Argentine Gendarmerie when they escaped in search of political asylum.

The delegation was led by Captain Joaquín Molina Fuenzalida (murdered by the son of Manuel Contreras) and also included a Carabineros officer named Salinas and non-commissioned officer Evaldo Reidlich Hains.

The three prisoners were loaded into a vehicle from the Coyhaique Regional Hospital and transported in the direction of Chile, but they never reached their destination. In April 2002, the judge of the First Criminal Court of Coyhaique, Luis Sepúlveda, indicted Fuentealba Suazo and the Carabineros non-commissioned officer (R) Evaldo Reidlich Hains.

Alejandro Jorge Forero Alvarez. Cardiologist. Medical Association Registry 9580-K. Squadron Commander and physician who was working at the FACH Hospital at the time of the coup d'état. In 1976, he served as a second soldier at the El Bosque Air Base and at the Colina Anti-Aircraft Artillery Regiment.

In this place, he participated in the Comando Conjunto, supervising torture and drugging prisoners who were taken out to be forcibly disappeared. He was prosecuted by Judge Carlos Cerda during the dictatorship. Recently, he has been summoned again in new trials regarding the Comando Conjunto.

Werner Gálvez. Pediatrician, Colonel of Health in Iquique. At the beginning of the military regime, he applied intravenous injections of sodium pentothal, alternating with biological serum, during interrogations in this city.

Fernando Jara de la Maza. Traumatologist in Valdivia. In the days following the military coup, he participated directly in the application of torture to detainees.

Manfred Jurgensen Caesar. CNI physician. This doctor, who was also a CNI agent, was expelled from the Medical Association for his participation in torture applied to prisoners in clandestine barracks of this repressive organization. Implicated in the death of Federico Alvarez Santibáñez.

Luis Losada Fuenzalida. CNI physician. He was also expelled from the Medical Association for his participation in the torture that culminated in the death of the teacher Federico Álvarez Santibáñez. One hour before the death of Álvarez Santibáñez, who was tortured in August 1979 for seven days in secret CNI barracks in Santiago, he signed a report stating that the teacher was in good physical condition.

Minoletti. Carabineros physician, Concepción province. He advised the torturers of Fuerte Borgoño and issued certificates of natural death to cover up the crimes.

Vittorio Orvieto Teplizky. Army physician. He performed collaborative duties in the torture committed at the Tejas Verdes Prisoner Camp Number Two. He also participated in the DINA Health Brigade as director of the Santa Lucía Clinic.

América González Figueroa. Hired during the dictatorship to perform duties at the Legal Medical Service, where she falsified information regarding the causes of death of several political executions. Among the cases in which she is implicated are the death due to torture of Carlos Godoy Echegoyen, which she made appear as "sudden death"; the murder of Cecilia Magni Camino, claiming she had drowned and hiding the traces of torture on her body; and the crime of the DC student leader Mario Martínez, who appeared on the coast of Rocas de Santo Domingo after being kidnapped in Santiago.

Another "service to the fatherland" was her participation in the examinations that culminated in the fraud regarding Pinochet's dementia. In the final period, while still at the SML, she was appointed head of the Department of Thanatology and acting director of the service.

On December 21, 2000, shortly after her responsibility was proven in the mistaken delivery of the bodies of three young men burned inside the San Miguel Prison, she received a merit annotation in her personnel file signed by the Minister of Justice José Antonio Gómez, a radical militant.

Jorge León Alessandrini. Dentist, DINE civilian agent, implicated in the murder of union leader Tucapel Jiménez Alfaro.

Osvaldo Leyton Bahamondes. DINA physician. Implicated in the death by torture of Manuel Leyton Robles, a DINA agent who was murdered by his "colleagues" after being publicly involved in the theft of a Renault 4, a job commissioned by his superior Germán Barriga Muñoz.

Dr. Leyton Bahamondes signed a certificate in which the agent appears to have died due to an epileptic seizure and cardiac arrhythmia at Almirante Barroso 76, the location of the clandestine London clinic.

Bernardo Pulto. Radiologist in Melipilla. Together with the military prosecutor of Melipilla, he took part personally in the torture sessions of prisoners.

Luis Hernán Santibáñez Santelices. DINA physician. Member of the Health Brigade that operated at the London Clinic (Almirante Barroso). Implicated in the disappearance of Juan Elías Cortés.

Hernán Horacio Taricco Lavín. DINA physician. Head of the Health Brigade that operated at the London Clinic. Implicated in the death of DINA agent Manuel Jesús Leyton Robles.

Hernán Twane. Psychologist who applied Sodium Pentothal to prisoners so they could be interrogated by the Investigative Service. He maintains a shared practice in the vicinity of the Diego Portales building.

Werner Zanghellini Martínez. Director of the Santa Lucía Clinic between 1975 and 1976. He is accused by survivors of Villa Grimaldi of having injected the rabies virus into Jorge Fuentes Alarcón, a forcibly disappeared detainee. He was "funado" at his private clinic at Galvarino Gallardo 1983, Providencia, and the following day he moved to a nearby office belonging to a relative.

Sergio Marcelo Virgilio Bocaz. Physician of the DINA Health Brigade, with duties at the clandestine Santa Lucía clinic, who continued working in the CNI Logistics Command. Marcia Merino says she saw him in advertisements for coffee and financial firms.

DINA Health Brigade. Composed, among others, by doctors Vittorio Orvietto, Werner Zanghellini, Hernán Taricco, Nader Nasser, Osvaldo Eugenio Leyton Bahamondez, Rodrigo Vélez, Samuel Valdivia Soto, Luis Hernán Santibáñez Santelices, Eduardo Contreras Balcarce, the gynecologist Juan Pablo Figueroa Yáñez, the otolaryngologist Eugenio Fantuzzi Alliende, the psychiatrist Roberto Lailhacar Chávez, the dentist Sergio Roberto Muñoz Bonta, and the nurse María Eliana Bolumburú Taboada.

Another doctor, of whom only the surname is known, is the psychologist Bassaure.

Their Current Addresses

H. Darwin Arraigada Loyola, General medicine. Attends at Santa María 217, office 34, Independencia commune. Phone 7372626.

Eugenio Fantuzzi Alliende, Otolaryngologist. Chief Physician of the Otolaryngology Service of the Clínica Dávila, located at Avenida Recoleta 464, Santiago. Private practice at Luis Thayer Ojeda Norte 073, office 606, Providencia. Phone 233 7524. Fax 234 1740.

Juan Pablo Figueroa Yáñez, Gynecologist and Obstetrician. Attends Monday through Friday at the Clínica Arauco, located at Parque Arauco. Avenida Kennedy 5413-B. Phone 2990299. His last known address is Américo Vespucio Norte 1303, apartment 71, Vitacura. Phone 2069147.

Werner Zanghellini Martínez, Cardiologist. Last known address: Galvarino Gallardo 1983, Providencia. Now attends without advertising at a relative's office in the same commune.

Sergio Marcelo Virgilio Bocaz, General medicine. Still in service at the Hospital Félix Bulnes, located at Leoncio Fernández 2655, Quinta Normal, Santiago. His last known address is Tupungato 10.279, Vitacura. Phone 2154768.

Hernán Horacio Taricco Lavín, Pediatrician. Attends Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Fridays, from 12:00 to 14:30, at the Military Medical Center of Maipú, located at Avenida Ramón Freire Nº6097, Villa Militar Oeste, Paradero 3 1/2 de Pajaritos, Estación Central commune. Phones: 450 8564, 450 8565, 450 8566. Fax: 450 8563. His last known address is at Tabancura 1278, phones 2433425 and 2433444.

Sergio Roberto Muñoz Bonta, Dentist. Attends the public at the Hospital Barros Luco-Trudeau and at the dental medical practice "San Lucas" at José Domingo Santa María 1338. Phones 7377674 and 7379978.

Roberto Lailhacar Chávez, Psychiatrist. Former president of the Chilean Society of Sexology and Sexual Education. Attends at Obispo Salas 290, Office 168. Phone 2239405. His last known address is Los Ranchos 8763, Vitacura, phone 3262178.

Manfred Jurgensen Caesar, General medicine. Works at the Military Hospital of Santiago. Private practice at Hernando de Aguirre 194, office 301.

Alejandro Forero Alvarez, Cardiologist. Works at the Clínica INDISA, Avenida Santa María 1810, phone 2254555. Private practice at Apoquindo 6275, office 116. His last known address is Camino La Brisa 14.199-2, Lo Barnechea. Phone 2161253. Medical Association Registry 9580-K.

Guido Díaz Paci, Pediatrician. Attends at the Infantry Regiment N°21 "Arica" of the Second Army Division based in La Serena, under the command of Brigadier General José Gabriel Gaete Paredes. Maintains a private practice in this city.

Camilo Azar Saba, Traumatologist. Since August 1, 2003, he has attended at Integramedica Alto Las Condes, located at Avenida Kennedy 9001, floor 7, Mall Alto Las Condes. Phones: 6366666, 6796500, 6796566, and 6796567. Assistant: Fabiola Banda, phone 6796576. His last known address is Echeñique 8801-B (interior). Phones 3265277 – 3265294.

Vitorio Orvieto Tiplizki, Ophthalmologist. Attends at the Integramedica centers in Maipú, Av. Pajaritos 1605, phone 6366500, and at Plaza Oeste, located at Américo Vespucio 1501, Cerrillos, phone 6367200.

Luis Santibáñez Santelices, Bronchopulmonary specialist. Attends at Integramedica Las Condes, located at the mall Alto Las Condes, Av. Kennedy 9001, third floor. Phone 6796500.

The "Female Roster" of Torture

Along with the consummate torturers, among the cruelest agents in the torture rooms appear the women who placed themselves at the service of terror. A very significant number were in administrative roles that allowed the repressive apparatus to function, but there were also those in operational roles.

direct involvement in kidnappings, torture, executions, and the forced disappearance of prisoners. This is a sample. The significant case of the kidnapping of Miguel Angel Sandoval is linked to the case known as "the 119," referring to the number of individuals they attempted to pass off as having died in internal disputes in Argentina during the so-called "Operation Colombo." Witnesses to Sandoval's kidnapping report having seen him at Villa Grimaldi until February 10, 1975, the day he was taken out along with María Isabel Joui Petersen, María Teresa Eltit Contreras, Renato Sepúlveda Guajardo, Jorge Herrera Jofré, and Claudio Silva Peralta, all of whom were forcibly disappeared.

The testimony of María Isabel Matamala provides another detail: she was detained by Osvaldo Romo and taken to Villa Grimaldi, tortured for 15 days by Romo and Basclay Zapata, and interrogated by Moren, Krassnoff, Laureani, Ricardo Lawrence, Ferrer, and a woman nicknamed "the commander," whose name was Rosa Humilde Ramos.

The female torturers of the DINA

Survivor María Salinas Farfán points out that she saw many detainees who are now among the forcibly disappeared and that, among the agents, she can recognize Romo, Laureani, Krassnoff, Moren Brito, Luz Arce, Marcia Merino, and Alicia Gómez (María Alicia Uribe Gómez), "la Carola."

Osvaldo Romo acknowledges that among the torturers at Villa Grimaldi were César Manríquez, Wenderot, and Palmira Almuna. Basclay Zapata, alias "el Troglo," declares that "in 1975 he married Teresa Osorio Navarro, also an official of the organization," and that he would go out with Luz Arce to "scout" in a vehicle through the streets of Santiago.

Teresa Osorio says she "entered as a civilian employee of the Navy in 1974, being assigned to work at the DINA, at the Villa Grimaldi barracks, as Krassnoff's secretary. She knew that the DINA agents were divided into groups, named ‘Halcón,’ ‘Purén,’ ‘Aguila,’ and others, with the collective name for these being ‘Caupolicán.’ She reiterates her statements in a confrontation with Eugenio Fieldhouse (also an agent), insisting that she did not go out to perform detentions."

Fieldhouse, who came from the Investigations department, admits that among the agents at Villa Grimaldi were Teresa Osorio, Rosa Humilde Ramos, and Palmira Almuna. Meanwhile, survivor Raúl Flores Castillo relates that he was detained "by armed subjects, one of whom identified himself as Osvaldo Romo; they put him into a vehicle where there were more people, a woman they called ‘la negra’ (Teresa Osorio), and a subject they called ‘el Troglo’." While many of the women who belonged to the DINA performed administrative tasks, there is a team that has been categorized by survivors as "the most sadistic and cruel." Among them stood out Carabineros Sub-lieutenant Ingrid Felicitas Olderock Oelckers, who was an instructor of torturers as early as the initial school at Tejas Verdes. As a member of the Purén Brigade, she was a trainer of the dogs used in the sexual abuse committed against men and women at the secret barracks "Venda Sexy."

Also a Carabineros Sub-lieutenant, Palmira Isabel Almuna Guzmán, alias "la Pepa," was a member of the Purén Brigade and a torturer at José Domingo Cañas under the orders of Ciro Torré Sáez; she later worked under the orders of Pedro Espinoza Bravo.

She was in charge of selecting and instructing future agents, who were infiltrated as frivolous and pretty women into various areas of national political relevance. She moved to the CNI and in 1985 returned to the Carabineros, serving in a juvenile correctional center in Iquique with the rank of commander of the female staff.

She was denounced at her home at Luis Beltrán 1000, in Pudahuel, on May 31, 2003, after which she has not been seen in the neighborhood again; she likely lives in Iquique. Nélida Gutiérrez Rivera was the private secretary and lover of Manuel Contreras.

After her boss's detention, she continued as his part-time secretary at the offices he held on Calle Ricardo Lyon; the rest of the time she dedicated to her boutique "Mané" (Manuel and Nélida) in the Lyon and Providencia shopping arcade.

Although the role played by Viviana Pincetti Barra is not known with certainty—she appears receiving salaries from the DINA and is the daughter of Osvaldo Pincetti Gac, alias "charla"—her father took her on "visits" to Villa Grimaldi and other barracks of the repressive organization.

Various testimonies speak of the terrible role played by Marcia Alejandra Evelyn Merino Vega, alias "la flaca Alejandra," as an agent after having been a militant of the MIR. These days she lives in an insular area of Chile, from which she travels to Santiago to provide statements in the various trials against the DINA.

Another woman turned agent was Luz Arce Sandoval, who went from being a PS militant to the DINA. Survivors remember her present during torture sessions at Villa Grimaldi, Londres 38, and Cuatro Alamos.

She continued her work at the CNI and in 1990 made herself available to the courts to testify in cases of the forcibly disappeared. Today she lives outside of Chile and returns circumstantially to provide data in judicial proceedings.

María Alicia Uribe Gómez, alias "Carola," went from being a MIR militant to a DINA agent, then to the CNI, and after 1990 she was integrated into the DINE. Along with other collaborators, they held true "fashion shows" with the clothing of prisoners murdered in the DINA barracks. She was seen at Villa Grimaldi, Cuatro Alamos, and José Domingo Cañas.

Rosa Humilde Ramos Hernández was known as "the commander," a torturer at José Domingo Cañas and Villa Grimaldi and a member of the Aguila Group of the Caupolicán Brigade. Her memory is indelible among survivors due to her masculine appearance and the sadism she applied during torture. Also cruel is María Teresa Osorio, alias "Soledad" or "la negra," wife of Basclay Zapata.

In the Purén Brigade, dedicated to the repression of the PS, the PC, and the DC, the detective Ximena San Juan, Elsa del Tránsito Lagos Salazar, Francisca del Carmen Cerda Galleguillos, and Nancy Edulia Vásquez Torrejón, alias "Pelusa," appear with active roles.

In the Halcón II Group of the Caupolicán Brigade, a group that participated in the confrontation with Miguel Enríquez, was María Gabriela Ordenes, alias "Marisol," who was seen present at torture sessions.

Agents in administrative functions included Mirtha Espinoza Caamaño, a DINA secretary who worked under the command of Augusto Deitchler in the Sub-directorate of Internal Intelligence. María Gabriela Coll Webar, secretary to the General Headquarters staff.

Marta Smock Teixido, secretary to the General Headquarters staff in the Sub-directorate of Economic Intelligence. Sandra Montecinos Sepúlveda, secretary to the General Headquarters staff. Eliana Quilodrán, alias "Ely," an agent of the Directorate of Operations who acted under the command of Pedro Espinoza Bravo in the Education and Informatics section.

Teresa Aburto, secretary of Section C-2, who continued working at the CNI and later at the DINE. Enriqueta Salazar Contreras, secretary of the Sub-directorate of Internal Intelligence with direct duties under Rolf Wenderoth, who would later be integrated into the Carabineros.

Maribel Maringue Moya, secretary to the Sub-director after Wenderoth's departure, who subsequently continued to perform duties in the CNI directorate.

Also appearing are Ana María Rubio de la Cruz, alias "Carmen Gutiérrez," an Army non-commissioned officer and secretary of the Sub-directorate of Foreign Intelligence, implicated in the assassination of General Carlos Prats and his wife.

María Eliana Moncada Prieto, secretary of the Sub-directorate of Foreign Intelligence, who later joined the Counterintelligence Department. Sara Aguila Márquez, social worker for the Sub-directorate of Personnel.

Carmen Avila Ferrada, secretary to Arturo Ureta Siré in the Sub-directorate of Foreign Intelligence, who subsequently moved to the same position in the CNI, under the command of Colonel Suau. Alejandra Damián Serrano, who used the alias "Roxana," was Michel Townley's secretary.

The nurse María Eliana Bolumburú Taboada (Bolumburó according to the "Elissalde and Poblete" list) was part of the DINA Health Brigade, working in clandestine clinics alongside several doctors who advised on the torture. The last data on her whereabouts placed her working at a pharmaceutical company on Calle Ejército and living in a villa in Maipú.

The girl from the Comando Conjunto

It seems the only woman in the Comando Conjunto is the famous Pochi, who was seen dressed in a school uniform asking about people who would later be kidnapped. She was also active in the torture inflicted on dozens of prisoners in the clandestine torture centers known as Nido 20 and Nido 18.

Viviana Lucinda Ugarte Sandoval was a retired soldier of the FACH, assigned to the DIFA and the Comando Conjunto. She was the spouse of General Patricio Campos Montecinos, Director General of Civil Aeronautics until the report made by the newspaper La Nación.

Prosecuted during the dictatorship by Judge Cerda as the author of criminal illicit association and an accomplice in the disappearance of Reinalda Pereira and Edrás Pinto, she was granted amnesty by Judge Manuel Silva Ibáñez. These days she continues to be implicated in the proceedings being carried out against the Comando Conjunto.

Source: elsiglo, December 10, 2004

The "female staff" of torture

Along with the consummate torturers, among the cruelest agents in the torture rooms were the women who placed themselves at the service of terror. A very significant number were in administrative roles that allowed the repressive apparatus to function, but there were also those in Chile in direct operational roles, in kidnappings, torture, executions, and the disappearance of prisoners.

This is a sample.

Ingrid Felicitas Olderock Benhard. She was in charge of training the German shepherd dog Volodia, which was used to rape several female prisoners at Venda Sexy.

Simultaneously with putting the Ollagüe Barracks into operation, the DINA also put into operation this torture center known among detainees as Venda Sexy, alluding to the fact that a significant part of the torture carried out there was related to rape and sexual aberrations, among which was training a German shepherd dog—to which the agents gave the name Volodia, in reference to a writer who was then a high-ranking leader of the Communist Party—so that it would rape the detainees who were forced to assume a position that facilitated penetration by the animal.

Venda Sexy, like the Ollagüe Barracks, was previously a private residence in a middle-class sector. This torture center operated continuously and systematically between the months of August and December 1974, although it continued to be used occasionally on later dates.

During the period in question, about thirty people were killed as a result of the torture applied to them, or were simply murdered.

Rosa Humilde Ramos. The significant case of the kidnapping of Miguel Angel Sandoval is joined to the one known as "the 119," due to the number of those they attempted to make appear as having died in internal disputes in Argentina in the so-called "Operation Colombo."

Witnesses to Sandoval's kidnapping report having seen him at Villa Grimaldi until February 10, 1975, the day he was taken out along with María Isabel Joui Petersen, María Teresa Eltit Contreras, Renato Sepúlveda Guajardo, Jorge Herrera Jofré, and Claudio Silva Peralta, all of whom were forcibly disappeared.

The testimony of María Isabel Matamala provides another detail: she was detained by Osvaldo Romo and taken to Villa Grimaldi, tortured for 15 days by the same Romo and Basclay Zapata, and interrogated by Moren, Krassnoff, Laureani, Ricardo Lawrence, Ferrer, and a woman nicknamed "the commander," whose name was Rosa Humilde Ramos.

Survivor María Salinas Farfán points out that she saw many detainees who are now among the forcibly disappeared and that, among the agents, she can recognize Romo, Laureani, Krassnoff, Moren Brito, Luz Arce, Marcia Merino, and Alicia Gómez (María Alicia Uribe Gómez), (a) La Carola.

Osvaldo Romo acknowledges that among the torturers at Villa Grimaldi were César Manríquez, Wenderot, and Palmira Almuna. Basclay Zapata, alias "el Troglo," declares that "in 1975 he married Teresa Osorio Navarro, also an official of the organization" and that he would go out with Luz Arce to "scout" in a vehicle through the streets of Santiago.

Teresa Osorio says she "entered as a civilian employee of the Navy in 1974, being assigned to work at the DINA, at the Villa Grimaldi barracks, as Krassnoff's secretary. She knew that the DINA agents were divided into groups, named ‘Halcón,’ ‘Purén,’ ‘Aguila,’ and others, with the collective name for these being ‘Caupolicán.’ She reiterates her statements in a confrontation with Eugenio Fieldhouse (also an agent), insisting that she did not go out to perform detentions."

Fieldhouse, who came from the Investigations department, admits that among the agents at Villa Grimaldi were Teresa Osorio, Rosa Humilde Ramos, and Palmira Almuna. Meanwhile, survivor Raúl Flores Castillo relates that he was detained "by armed subjects, one of whom identified himself as Osvaldo Romo; they put him into a vehicle where there were more people, a woman they called ‘la negra’ (Teresa Osorio), and a subject they called ‘el Troglo’."

While many of the women who belonged to the DINA performed administrative tasks, there is a team that has been categorized by survivors as "the most sadistic and cruel." Among them stood out Carabineros Sub-lieutenant Ingrid Felicitas Olderock Oelckers, who was an instructor of torturers as early as the initial school at Tejas Verdes.

As a member of the Purén Brigade, she was a trainer of the dogs used in the sexual abuse committed against men and women at the secret barracks "Venda Sexy."

Palmira Isabel Almuna Guzmán, alias La Pepa, also a Carabineros Sub-lieutenant, was a member of the Purén Brigade and a torturer at José Domingo Cañas under the orders of Ciro Torré Sáez; she later worked under the orders of Pedro Espinoza Bravo.

She was in charge of selecting and instructing future agents, who were infiltrated as frivolous and pretty women into various areas of national political relevance. She moved to the CNI and in 1985 returned to the Carabineros, serving in a juvenile correctional center in Iquique with the rank of commander of the female staff.

She was denounced at her home at Luis Beltrán 1000, in Pudahuel, on May 31, 2003, after which she has not been seen in the neighborhood again; she likely lives in Iquique.

Nélida Gutiérrez Rivera was the private secretary and lover of Manuel Contreras. After her boss's detention, she continued as his part-time secretary at the offices he held on Calle Ricardo Lyon; the rest of the time she dedicated to her boutique "Mané" (Manuel and Nélida) in the Lyon and Providencia shopping arcade.

Although the role played by Viviana Pincetti Barra is not known with certainty—she appears receiving salaries from the DINA and is the daughter of Osvaldo Pincetti Gac, alias "charla"—her father took her on "visits" to Villa Grimaldi and other barracks of the repressive organization.

Various testimonies speak of the terrible role played by Marcia Alejandra Evelyn Merino Vega, alias "la flaca Alejandra," as an agent after having been a militant of the MIR. These days she lives in an insular area of Chile, from which she travels to Santiago to provide statements in the various trials against the DINA.

Luz Arce Sandoval, turned agent, went from being a PS militant to the DINA. Survivors remember her present during torture sessions at Villa Grimaldi, Londres 38, and Cuatro Alamos. She continued her work at the CNI and in 1990 made herself available to the courts to testify in cases of the forcibly disappeared.

Today she lives outside of Chile and returns circumstantially to provide data in judicial proceedings.

María Alicia Uribe Gómez, alias "Carola," went from being a MIR militant to a DINA agent, then to the CNI, and after 1990 she was integrated into the DINE. Along with other collaborators, they held true "fashion shows" with the clothing of prisoners murdered in the DINA barracks. She was seen at Villa Grimaldi, Cuatro Alamos, and José Domingo Cañas.

Rosa Humilde Ramos Hernández was known as "the commander," a torturer at José Domingo Cañas and Villa Grimaldi and a member of the Aguila Group of the Caupolicán Brigade. Her memory is indelible among survivors due to her masculine appearance and the sadism she applied during torture. Also cruel is María Teresa Osorio, alias "Soledad" or "la negra," wife of Basclay Zapata.

In the Purén Brigade, dedicated to the repression of the PS, the PC, and the DC, the detective Ximena San Juan, Elsa del Tránsito Lagos Salazar, Francisca del Carmen Cerda Galleguillos, and Nancy Edulia Vásquez Torrejón, alias "Pelusa," appear with active roles.

In the Halcón II Group of the Caupolicán Brigade, a group that participated in the confrontation with Miguel Enríquez, was María Gabriela Ordenes, alias "Marisol," who was seen present at torture sessions.

Agents in administrative functions were:

• Mirtha Espinoza Caamaño, a DINA secretary who worked under the command of Augusto Deitchler in the Sub-directorate of Internal Intelligence.
• María Gabriela Coll Webar, secretary to the General Headquarters staff.
• Marta Smock Teixido, secretary to the General Headquarters staff in the Sub-directorate of Economic Intelligence.
• Sandra Montecinos Sepúlveda, secretary to the General Headquarters staff.
• Eliana Quilodrán, alias "Ely," an agent of the Directorate of Operations who acted under the command of Pedro Espinoza Bravo in the Education and Informatics section.
• Teresa Aburto, secretary of Section C-2, who continued working at the CNI and later at the DINE.
• Enriqueta Salazar Contreras, secretary of the Sub-directorate of Internal Intelligence with direct duties under Rolf Wenderoth, who would later be integrated into the Carabineros.
• Maribel Maringue Moya, secretary to the Sub-director after Wenderoth's departure, who subsequently continued to perform duties in the CNI directorate.

Also appearing are

• Ana María Rubio de la Cruz, alias "Carmen Gutiérrez," an Army non-commissioned officer and secretary of the Sub-directorate of Foreign Intelligence, implicated in the assassination of General Carlos Prats and his wife.
• María Eliana Moncada Prieto, secretary of the Sub-directorate of Foreign Intelligence, who later joined the Counterintelligence Department.
• Sara Aguila Márquez, social worker for the Sub-directorate of Personnel.
• Carmen Avila Ferrada, secretary to Arturo Ureta Siré in the Sub-directorate of Foreign Intelligence, who subsequently moved to the same position in the CNI, under the command of Colonel Suau.
• Alejandra Damián Serrano, who used the alias "Roxana," was Michel Townley's secretary.

The nurse María Eliana Bolumburú Taboada (Bolumburó according to the "Elissalde and Poblete" list) was part of the DINA Health Brigade, working in clandestine clinics alongside several doctors who advised on the torture. The last data on her whereabouts placed her working at a pharmaceutical company on Calle Ejército and living in a villa in Maipú.

The girl from the Comando Conjunto

It seems the only woman in the Comando Conjunto is the famous Pochi, who was seen dressed in a school uniform asking about people who would later be kidnapped. She was also active in the torture inflicted on dozens of prisoners in the clandestine torture centers known as Nido 20 and Nido 18.

Viviana Lucinda Ugarte Sandoval was a retired soldier of the FACH, assigned to the DIFA and the Comando Conjunto. She was the spouse of General Patricio Campos Montecinos, Director General of Civil Aeronautics until the report made by the newspaper La Nación.

Prosecuted during the dictatorship by Judge Cerda as the author of criminal illicit association and an accomplice in the disappearance of Reinalda Pereira and Edrás Pinto, she was granted amnesty by Judge Manuel Silva Ibáñez. These days she continues to be implicated in the proceedings being carried out against the Comando Conjunto.

Source: elsiglo.cl, December 12, 2005