Address: Pasaje Tokio 5862, Población Juanita Aguirre, Conchalí, Santiago.

Occupation: Driver, former employee of the Empresa de Transportes Colectivos (E.T.C.) Political Affiliation: Militant of the Communist Party Date of Detention: October 20, 1975

REPRESSIVE SITUATION

Luis Desiderio Moraga Cruz, married, with one daughter, a militant of the Communist Party who in 1973 was part of the personal security detail for the then-Secretary General of the Communist Party, Luis Corvalán, was detained by members of the so-called Comando Conjunto on October 20, 1975, around 01:50 hours, at his home in the Población Juanita Aguirre in Conchalí, and was subsequently taken to the Colina Air Base.

His spouse, Mrs. Beatriz Morales Palma, and his daughter, Ximena Morales Morales, state in their testimony that on the day and at the time indicated, they were awakened by violent pounding on the door. The victim got up to open it, and three individuals in civilian clothes armed with submachine guns entered the home, claiming to be from Investigaciones (the Investigations Police).

They ordered Luis Moraga to accompany them, and when he asked for the reason, they told him, "where we are taking you, you will find out why." That month of October 1975, the Comando Conjunto arrested several Communist Party militants, using for this purpose former militants of that party, among them Carol Fedor Flores Castillo, who, after being detained in 1974, subsequently became a collaborator for the Comando Conjunto.

Former Comando Conjunto agent Andrés Antonio Valenzuela Morales states in his testimony that one of the detainees held at "Nido 18" (a detention center of that organization) attempted suicide by throwing himself down the stairs, breaking only an arm.

The former agent believes this person was Luis D. Moraga Cruz, whom he recognizes in a photograph shown to him. Furthermore, a former detainee who survived his confinement at the Academia de Guerra Aérea in Colina (a detention center known as "Remo Cero"), Patricio Weibel Navarrete—detained on October 26, 1975—states in his testimony that the photo of Luis Moraga shown to him looks very familiar as one of the detainees at that facility.

Andrés Valenzuela adds in his testimony that the head of the Comando Conjunto, an organization formed by the different branches of the Armed Forces—except for the Army—was Colonel (FACH) Edgard Ceballos J.; other agents included: Roberto Fuentes Morrison (nicknamed "el Wally"); Guillermo Bratti, nicknamed "el Lito" or "pelao Lito"; Otto Trujillo; Commander Campos; three or four detectives who worked only at the AGA, one of them with the surname Barraza, nicknamed "Sambra"; another with the surname Cortés, nicknamed "Yoyopolos"; and César Luis Palma Ramírez, nicknamed "el Fifo."

The Rettig Report states that Luis Desiderio Moraga Cruz was taken from the Colina Air Base along with other detainees and placed into a helicopter; all of them had been previously drugged, and they were subsequently thrown into the sea after Army Commandos cut open their stomachs with combat knives (corvos) so that they would not float.

JUDICIAL AND/OR ADMINISTRATIVE ACTIONS

On October 20, 1975, a writ of amparo (habeas corpus) was filed on his behalf before the Santiago Court of Appeals, case file 1344-75. The Court requested reports from the Minister of the Interior and the Director of National Intelligence (DINA), both of which were answered negatively by the Minister of the Interior.

Likewise, reports requested from the Aviation and Military judges, and the Directorate of Carabineros and Investigations, yielded no results. Based on these findings, the Court rejected the appeal on December 19, 1975, and ordered the records to be sent to the 3rd Criminal Court of Santiago to initiate proceedings regarding the disappearance of the subject.

On December 26, 1975, the 3rd Criminal Court of Santiago opened case 120.133, before which Mrs. Beatriz Morales Palma appeared and ratified the circumstances of the victim's arrest. The order to investigate carried out by the Investigations Police yielded no results, as inquiries made at the DINA, DIFA (Air Force Intelligence Directorate), hospitals, and the Legal Medical Institute were fruitless.

With these proceedings and the evidence accumulated in the file, the case was temporarily dismissed on February 23, 1976, on the grounds that the crime under investigation had not been proven. This resolution was upheld by the Santiago Court of Appeals.

Subsequently, the Visiting Judge (Ministro en Visita) Carlos Cerda, who was investigating the case of 13 communist leaders who disappeared after being arrested by security agencies, requested various files of persons detained by the Comando Conjunto, including file 120.133 from the 3rd Criminal Court.

Mrs. Beatriz Morales Palma appeared before the Visiting Judge and ratified the circumstances under which her husband was detained; she noted, in response to a question from the magistrate, that she was not in a position to recognize the agents who came to her home on the day of the events. The Visiting Judge also added the victim's anthropometric file to the investigation.

For further information regarding the so-called "case of the thirteen," primarily substantiated by the Extraordinary Visiting Judge, Mr. Carlos Cerda Fernández, see the file for Reinalda del Carmen Pereira Plaza, December 1976.

On June 20, 1991, a criminal complaint was filed before that same Court for the crimes of kidnapping, homicide, illicit association, and other crimes committed against Luis Desiderio Moraga Cruz, in which the Court was informed of new evidence holding the Comando Conjunto responsible for the reported events.

This complaint was registered under case number 120052 and, as of December 1992, was in the summary phase.

One of the agents of the so-called Comando Conjunto Antisubversivo, Miguel Estay Reyno, was arrested on December 20, 1992. That day, he was arriving in the country after being expelled from Paraguay, where he had been living in hiding. Days earlier, the former communist militant, alias "El Fanta," had been detained.

His detention is related to the case investigating the kidnapping and throat-slitting of three professionals in 1985, which is being substantiated by Visiting Judge Milton Juica. In that case, the agent had been charged as a perpetrator of the crime of unlawful deprivation of liberty of architect Ramón Arriagada Escalante in February 1985; as a co-perpetrator of the crime of kidnapping a group of AGECH teachers in March 1985; and as an alleged perpetrator of the crimes of kidnapping and homicide of José Manuel Parada, Manuel Guerrero, and Santiago Nattino.

Furthermore, in the 5th Criminal Court of Santiago, he was charged in a case of identity theft and alleged forgery of a public document.

Estay Reyno had left the country in 1989; his family had done so two years earlier. For both his relocation and his settlement in Paraguay, he relied on a support network that included retired members of the Chilean Air Force.

As previously noted, the former security agent testified in 1986 in the case of the thirteen disappeared, which was substantiated by Visiting Judge Carlos Cerda Fernández. That case investigated the actions of the repressive group known as the Comando Conjunto.

As of December 1992, while in detention, several relatives of Comando Conjunto victims were studying the evidence so that the Court would request his appearance, and others were seeking the reopening of summary proceedings.

It was expected that in case file 120052, which is being processed for the disappearance of Luis Moraga Cruz in the 3rd Criminal Court of Santiago, agent Estay Reyno would testify.

Source: Report of the Corporation

writing in the memory of my people "Neither Forgiveness Nor Oblivion." 50 years ago, the combat knives tore out your entrails, and snatched away your resonant laughter, our night walks teaching your "Nena" that the best life is the one lived to the fullest, being faithful to your dreams and ideals and that principles do have meaning. "If You Are." I have never forgotten your favorite phrase. "The happy man had no shirt." Today I walk with my heart shattered, with my dreams broken, with my soul in sorrow.

There is nothing left but to pretend that I still exist when I am only the ghost wandering the halls of the sweet home we built and which was destroyed forever by the hungry vultures of the holocaust. If one day the Universe were to blow its stardust hard and revive our spirits, I would love to see Espriano and Taumanova dance the waltz of the flowers, and that they would never stop dancing until peace and love sow the earth once again so that humanity may bloom again.

October 20, 2025 Luis Desiderio Moraga Cruz (my father) was detained by the Comando Conjunto at his home, in the presence of my mother and me, in the early hours of Monday, October 20, 1975. The Comando Conjunto was created under the protection of Augusto Pinochet Ugarte.

Its members were active FACH personnel and civilian collaborators. According to the testimony of Andrés Valenzuela, he was thrown into the sea from a helicopter after his stomach was cut open with a combat knife. His presumed death would have been that same year (December 1975).

Source: Ximena Moraga - 2025

In a unanimous ruling (case file 1.237-2020), the Fifth Chamber of the appellate court—composed of judges Fernando Carreño Ortega, Ricardo Soto Muñoz, and judge Lidia Poza Matus—confirmed the sentence handed down by extraordinary Visiting Judge Miguel Vásquez Plaza in October 2019, which sentenced former FACH officer Juan Francisco Saavedra Loyola and former Carabineros officer Manuel Agustín Muñoz Gamboa to 18 years in prison as co-perpetrators of the qualified homicide of González Espinoza and Orellana Catalán; plus 13 years in prison as co-perpetrators of the qualified kidnapping of Moraga Cruz, Weibel Navarrete, and Maturana González; and 3 years in prison each as co-perpetrators of the simple kidnapping of González Espinoza and Orellana Catalán.

Meanwhile, former Navy officer Daniel Luis Enrique Guimpert Corvalán was sentenced to 18 years in prison as a co-perpetrator of the qualified homicide of González Espinoza and Orellana Catalán; plus 12 years in prison as a co-perpetrator of the qualified kidnapping of Moraga Cruz and Maturana González; and 3 years in prison as a co-perpetrator of the simple kidnapping of González Espinoza and Orellana Catalán.

Likewise, the Fifth Chamber ratified the sentences to be served by:

former Navy officer Jorge Aníbal Osses Novoa, and former Army officers Sergio Antonio Díaz López and Álvaro Julio Federico Corbalán Castilla, to 12 years in prison as co-perpetrators of the qualified homicide of González Espinoza; plus 10 years and one day in prison as co-perpetrators of the qualified kidnapping of Moraga Cruz and Weibel Navarrete, and 400 days in prison as co-perpetrators of the kidnapping of González Espinoza.

Meanwhile, former agents Roberto Alfonso Flores Cisterna and Carlos Hernán Rodrigo Villarreal must serve 10 years and one day in prison as co-perpetrators of the qualified homicide of Orellana Catalán; plus 5 years and one day in prison as co-perpetrators of the qualified kidnapping of Maturana González, and 400 days in prison as co-perpetrators of the kidnapping of Orellana Catalán.

Former agent Raúl Horacio González Fernández must serve two sentences of 10 years and one day in prison as a co-perpetrator of the qualified homicide of Orellana Catalán and the qualified kidnapping of Moraga Cruz and Maturana González; plus 400 days in prison as a co-perpetrator of the simple kidnapping of Orellana Catalán.

Former agent Alejandro Segundo Sáez Mardones must serve two sentences of 10 years and one day in prison as a co-perpetrator of the qualified homicide of Orellana Catalán and co-perpetrator of the qualified kidnapping of Maturana González, plus 400 days in prison as a co-perpetrator of the kidnapping of Orellana Catalán.

For his part, former SIFA civilian agent Otto Silvio Trujillo Miranda was sentenced to 10 years and one day in prison as a co-perpetrator of the qualified kidnapping of Weibel Navarrete and as an accomplice to the qualified kidnapping of Moraga Cruz.

Former agent Lenin Figueroa Sánchez was sentenced to 5 years and one day in prison as an accomplice to the qualified homicide of Orellana Catalán; plus 5 years and one day in prison as a co-perpetrator of the qualified kidnapping of Maturana González and 400 days as a co-perpetrator of the kidnapping of Orellana Catalán.

Former agents Sergio Daniel Valenzuela Morales and Juan Atilio Aravena Hurtuvia must serve 5 years in prison as accessories to the qualified homicide of Orellana Catalán; plus 5 years and one day as co-perpetrators of the qualified kidnapping of Maturana González and 400 days in prison as co-perpetrators of the kidnapping of Orellana Catalán.

Former agent Ernesto Arturo Lobos Gálvez must serve 5 years and one day in prison as an accomplice to the kidnappings of Weibel Navarrete and Maturana González, and 60 days in prison as an accomplice to the simple kidnapping of Orellana Catalán.

Former agent Alejandro Jorge Forero Álvarez must serve 5 years and one day in prison as an accomplice to the qualified kidnappings of Moraga Cruz and Weibel Navarrete; 60 days in prison as an accomplice to the simple kidnapping of González Espinoza.

In addition, former civilian agents Viviana Lucinda Ugarte Sandoval, Andrés Pablo Potin Lailhacar, and Emilio Mahias del Río, along with former agents Juan Luis Fernando López López, José Evaristo Rojas Alruiz, and Francisco Segundo Illanes Miranda, must serve 5 years and one day in prison as co-perpetrators of the qualified kidnapping of Maturana González; 400 days in prison as co-perpetrators of the simple kidnapping of Orellana Catalán.

Former agent Roberto Francisco Serón Cárdenas was sentenced to 5 years and one day in prison as a co-perpetrator of the qualified kidnapping of Moraga Cruz.

Finally, former agents Robinson Alfonso Suazo Jaque, Pedro Ernesto Caamaño Medina, Pedro Juan Zambrano Uribe, and José Hernando Alvarado Alvarado were sentenced to 4 years in prison as accomplices to the qualified kidnapping of Maturana González; and 60 days in prison as accomplices to the simple kidnapping of Orellana Catalán.

Also convicted in the first-instance ruling by the investigating judge Miguel Vásquez Plaza, former FACH officer Antonio Benedicto Quiroz Reyes and the converted civilian agent Miguel Arturo Estay Reyno passed away during the time elapsed between that ruling and this one.

Regarding the substance of the Court's resolution, the Fifth Chamber states:

"This Court therefore agrees with the assessment of the sentencing judge and the Judicial Prosecutor, for the reasons expressed in the ruling and those previously stated, that the facts, held as certain in the appealed sentence, are punishable by virtue of the predominance of International Human Rights Law over the prescriptions of domestic or national law.

This recognition is of vital importance because it grants crimes against humanity the relevance they deserve, since their perpetration affects all of humanity, the legal interests concerning international peace, security, and well-being, which International Criminal Law seeks to protect," the confirming ruling states.

In the judicial investigation, Judge Vásquez Plaza established that:

a) There existed a de facto group that operated clandestinely between 1975 and 1976, composed mainly of agents who belonged to the Air Force Intelligence Directorate, as well as Carabineros de Chile, the Navy, and the Army, with the collaboration of civilians, whose main objective was the repression of the Communist Party Youth, for which they proceeded to detain several of them. b) The aforementioned group used for detentions and torture: the Cerrillos Hangar; Nido 20, a secret detention and torture center located at Calle Santa Teresa No. 037, paradero 20 of Gran Avenida; Nido 18, a secret center located at Calle Perú No. 9053, La Florida, Santiago, which was used exclusively for torture; La Prevención or Remo Cero, which were cells located inside the Anti-Aircraft Artillery Regiment in Colina, all during 1975; La Firma, at the beginning of 1976, when said group moved its operations to the back of the building under the charge of Carabineros de Chile, located at Calle Dieciocho, across from No. 229, which belonged to the former newspaper Clarín, naming it La Firma. c) The operational conduct of the group, regarding persons unlawfully deprived of their liberty and kept in secret facilities, was to obtain information from them under psychological and physical torture, achieving the collaboration of some of them, to the point that some were assimilated as operational agents of the group, which provided greater effectiveness in the chain detention of communist militants, who were then forcibly disappeared, with the remains of some of them being found over the course of the years. d) On November 7, 1975, at approximately 22:00 hours, Ricardo Manuel Weibel Navarrete was detained at his home at Río Maule No. 1893, Recoleta Commune, by subjects wearing civilian clothes; he was kept deprived of liberty at the facility called La Prevención or Remo Cero, located inside the Anti-Aircraft Regiment in Colina, the last place he was seen alive, and subsequently, his remains were found on the grounds of Fuerte Arteaga, Peldehue. e) On June 8, 1976, in the Estación Central sector, Juan René Orellana Catalán met with Luis Emilio Gerardo Maturana González, both militants of the Communist Youth in hiding due to the political persecution they were subjected to, with the purpose of receiving money from the party from Maturana González, the latter being in charge of distributing it; at that moment, he was detained by agents of the group described in letter a), kept in the facility called La Firma, and was subsequently executed at Cuesta Barriga, where his remains were found, consisting of dental pieces and a removable prosthesis. f) On October 20, 1975, in the early hours of the morning, Luis Desiderio Moraga Cruz was detained at his home at Pasaje Tokio No. 5862, Población Juanita Aguirre, Conchalí commune, Santiago, by subjects wearing civilian clothes; he was kept in the Anti-Aircraft Artillery Regiment in Colina, inside of which was the facility called La Prevención or Remo Cero, where he provided the statement found on page 5532, this being the last place he was seen alive. g) On December 4, 1975, in the early hours of the morning, Ignacio Orlando González Espinoza was detained at his home at Calle Soberanía No. 1220, Santiago, by subjects wearing civilian clothes; he was kept deprived of liberty at the facility called La Prevención or Remo Cero, located inside the Anti-Aircraft Artillery Regiment in Colina, the last place he was seen alive, and subsequently, he was executed on the grounds of Fuerte Arteaga, Peldehue, where his remains were found. h) On June 8, 1976, in the Estación Central sector, Luis Emilio Gerardo Maturana González met with Juan René Orellana Catalán, both militants of the Communist Youth in hiding due to the political persecution they were subjected to, with the purpose of giving party money to Orellana Catalán for himself and for him to in turn give it to other party militants, as Maturana González was in charge of distributing it; at that moment, he was detained by operational agents of the group described in letter a), kept in the facility called La Firma, from where his trail is lost.

Source: resumen.cl, April 12, 2022 Date: 04-12-2022

Court sentences 24 former Comando Conjunto agents for the disappearance and homicide of 5 communist militants

For lawyer Nelson Caucoto, a plaintiff in the case involving defendants who are former members of the Air Force, Carabineros, Navy, Army, and civilians, this “is a ruling that contributes to the construction of 'never again' in our country."

The Fifth Chamber of the Santiago Court of Appeals issued a final second-instance judgment in the case regarding the kidnapping and homicide of Ignacio Orlando González Espinoza, Luis Moraga Cruz, Juan René Orellana Catalán, Ricardo Weibel Navarrete, and Luis Maturana González, all militants of the Communist Party who were murdered between November 1975 and June 1976.

Thus, the Chamber, presided over by Justice Fernando Carreño and substitute justices Lidia Poza and Ricardo Antonio Soto, confirmed the final first-instance judgment issued by Justice Miguel Vázquez Plaza, sentencing 24 former agents, among whom are former officials of the FACH, Carabineros, Navy, Army, and civilians.

The sentences imposed by the Court range from 18 to 10 years of imprisonment for the crime of qualified homicide and from 13 years for the kidnapping of the victims. Among the defendants are Álvaro Corbalán, Otto Trujillo, Lenin Figueroa, and Viviana Ugarte Sandoval.

In civil matters, the court unanimously rejected the request by the State Defense Council (CDE) to apply the principle of res judicata to prevent reparation for some family members.

For lawyer Nelson Caucoto, a plaintiff in the case, “this is a ruling that strikes at the entirety of what was the structure of the Comando Conjunto. It is the result of serious and meticulous work by the justice system, in this case led by Justice Miguel Vásquez, which has been unanimously endorsed by the Court of Appeals,” he noted.

In that vein, he asserted that “it is a ruling that contributes to the construction of 'never again' in our country. Chile does not forget its victims, and this sentence brings comfort to the families of these five communist militants.”

The Sentences

The capital's appellate court sentenced Juan Francisco Saavedra Loyola and Manuel Muñoz to 18 years of major imprisonment in its maximum degree as co-authors of the crimes of qualified homicide against Ignacio Orlando González Espinoza, perpetrated in the summer of 1976, and Juan Orellana Catalán, which occurred in June of the same year.

Likewise, they were sentenced to 13 years of major imprisonment in its medium degree as co-authors of the qualified kidnapping of Luis Desiderio Moraga Cruz, which occurred starting October 20, 1975; of Ricardo Manuel Weibel Navarrete, which occurred starting November 7, 1975; and of Luis Emilio Gerardo Maturana González, which occurred starting June 8, 1976.

They were also sentenced to 3 years of minor imprisonment in its medium degree as co-authors of the crimes of simple kidnapping of Ignacio Orlando González Espinoza, committed on December 4, 1975, and of Juan René Orellana Catalán on June 8, 1976.

Daniel Luis Enrique Guimpert Corvalán was sentenced to 18 years of major imprisonment in its maximum degree as a co-author of the qualified homicide of Ignacio González Espinoza and Juan René Orellana Catalán.

And 12 years of major imprisonment in its medium degree as a co-author of the crimes of qualified kidnapping of Luis Desiderio Moraga Cruz and Luis Emilio Gerardo Maturana González. Likewise, he was sentenced to 3 years of minor imprisonment in its medium degree as a co-author of the crimes of simple kidnapping of Ignacio Orlando González Espinoza and Juan René Orellana Catalán.

Raúl Horacio González Fernández was sentenced to 10 years and 1 day of major imprisonment in its medium degree as a co-author of the crime of qualified homicide of Juan Orellana Catalán, and to 10 years and 1 day of major imprisonment in its medium degree as a co-author of the crime of qualified kidnapping of Luis Moraga Cruz and Luis Emilio Gerardo Maturana.

He was also sentenced to 400 days of imprisonment as a co-author of the crime of simple kidnapping of Juan Orellana Catalán.

Roberto Alfonso Flores Cisterna and Carlos Rodrigo Villarreal were sentenced to 10 years and 1 day of major imprisonment in its medium degree as co-authors of the crime of qualified homicide of Juan Orellana Catalán.

To 5 years and 1 day of major imprisonment in its minimum degree as co-authors of the crime of qualified kidnapping of Luis Emilio Maturana González, and to a sentence of 400 days as co-authors of the crime of kidnapping of Juan Orellana Catalán.

Alejandro Saéz Mardones was sentenced to 10 years and 1 day of major imprisonment in its medium degree as a co-author of the crime of qualified homicide of Juan Orellana Catalán. To a sentence of 10 years and 1 day of major imprisonment in its medium degree as a co-author of the crime of qualified kidnapping of Luis Maturana González, and 400 days as co-authors of the crime of kidnapping of Juan Orellana Catalán.

Jorge Osses Novoa, Sergio Antonio Díaz López, and Álvaro Corbalán Castilla were sentenced to 12 years of major imprisonment in its medium degree as co-authors of the crime of qualified homicide of Ignacio González Espinoza.

To 10 years and 1 day of major imprisonment in its medium degree as co-authors of the crimes of qualified kidnapping of Luis Moraga Cruz and Ricardo Manuel Weibel Navarrete. To 400 days of minor imprisonment in its minimum degree as co-authors of the crime of kidnapping of Ignacio Orlando González Espinoza.

Lenin Figueroa Sánchez was sentenced to 5 years and 1 day of major imprisonment in its minimum degree as an accomplice to the crime of qualified homicide of Juan Orellana Catalán. To a sentence of 5 years and 1 day of major imprisonment in its minimum degree as a co-author of the crime of qualified kidnapping of Luis Emilio Gerardo Maturana.

To a sentence of 400 days as a co-author of the crime of kidnapping of Juan Orellana Catalán.

Ernesto Lobos Gálvez was sentenced to 5 years and 1 day of major imprisonment in its minimum degree as an accomplice to the crimes of kidnapping of Ricardo Weibel Navarrete and Luis Emilio Gerardo Maturana González. To a sentence of 60 days of imprisonment in its maximum degree as an accomplice to the crime of simple kidnapping of Juan Orellana.

Alejandro Jorge Forero Álvarez was sentenced to 5 years and 1 day of major imprisonment in its minimum degree as an accomplice to the crimes of qualified kidnapping of Luis Desiderio Moraga Cruz and Ricardo Manuel Weibel Navarrete. And to 60 days as an accomplice to the crime of simple kidnapping of Ignacio Orlando González Espinoza.

Viviana Lucinda Ugarte Sandoval, Andrés Pablo Potin Lailhacar, Emilio Mahias del Rio, Juan Luis Fernando López, José Evaristo Rojas Alruiz, and Francisco Segundo Illanes Miranda were sentenced to 5 years and 1 day of major imprisonment in its minimum degree as co-authors of the crime of qualified kidnapping of Luis Emilio Gerardo Maturana.

And to 400 days of imprisonment as co-authors of the crime of simple kidnapping of Juan René Orellana.

Roberto Francisco Serón Cárdenas was sentenced to 5 years and 1 day of major imprisonment in its minimum degree as a co-author of the crime of qualified kidnapping of Luis Desiderio Moraga Cruz.

Otto Silvio Trujillo Miranda was sentenced to 10 years and 1 day of major imprisonment in its medium degree as a co-author of the crime of qualified kidnapping of Ricardo Manuel Weibel Navarrete and as an accomplice to the crime of qualified kidnapping of Luis Desiderio Moraga Cruz.

Robinson Alfonso Suazo Jaque, Pedro Ernesto Caamaño Medina, Pedro Juan Zambrano Uribe, and José Hernando Alvarado Alvarado were sentenced to 4 years of minor imprisonment in its maximum degree as accomplices to the crime of qualified kidnapping of Luis Emilio Gerardo Maturana González.

And to a sentence of 60 days of imprisonment in its maximum degree as accomplices to the crime of simple kidnapping of Juan René Orellana Catalán.

Source: radio.uchile.cl 9/4/2022

Date: 04-09-2022

With a new commemorative plaque and a mural by the BRP, the Municipality of Maipú begins the resignification of the Ex Medialuna as a Space of Memory

Following the use of the former Maipú medialuna as a Detention and Torture Center during the dictatorship, the administration led by Mayor Tomás Vodanovic has begun a process of recovering the memory of the site, based on the testimonies of survivors.

This Friday, the resignification of the site began with the unveiling of a new commemorative plaque and the creation of a mural by the historic Brigada Ramona Parra, to remember and make visible what happened at the former medialuna.

With the unveiling of a new commemorative plaque and the painting of a mural by the historic Brigada Ramona Parra, this Friday, September 10, the resignification of the former Maipú medialuna as a Space of Memory began, an initiative promoted by the Municipality of Maipú.

The event was attended by Carlos Aguilera Espinoza and Miguel Ángel Romero, both detainees and survivors of the former Maipú medialuna, who were the protagonists of the unveiling of the plaque and addressed those present with emotional words:

“Memory must continue because we are part of history. I look at you and see that the majority are young, and that is gratifying because the seed is planted here. I am one of the lucky ones; I fulfilled the role that was assigned to me at that moment.

We were part of a popular government with many dreams, but we did not know what awaited us,” said Carlos Aguilera, who was 30 years old at the time of his detention, which lasted one month.

“Brutality cannot be normalized, torture cannot be normalized, detention cannot be normalized because a person thinks differently. For me, it is gratifying to see young people raising their voices. October meant a great step for us, to look at the young people in the great avenues, to see how this democracy was reborn is a very great hope,” mentioned Miguel Ángel Aguilera, who also read a poem of his own authorship that referred to the days of the Unidad Popular.

For her part, Deputy Carmen Hertz, a historic defender of Human Rights, also spoke:

“Today we are performing an exercise of memory; exercising memory is an instrument of liberation for the peoples. Memory is the key to the future: without memory, without justice, without social truth, without reparation, there are no guarantees of non-repetition. We must insist on memory, in every place, in every corner. Memory will allow us to rebuild our country and our society.”

Finally, Mayor Tomás Vodanovic closed the speeches:

“Today a tremendous historical opportunity opens up for us, to have in our hands the construction of a just, fraternal, democratic society, where the axis of unrestricted respect for Human Rights is a fundamental pillar.

And it is important to assume the commitment to build a Maipú that understands that Human Rights must be respected day by day, but that it is not guaranteed, and we see it regarding the October revolt.

This is not a speech of the past; it is a speech that must be revived, remembered, and made flesh every day, and that is the challenge we have. That is why the invitation is for us to walk together toward the construction of this free, just, and democratic homeland, for which we have already fought so much.”

The event had a repertoire that included “Tres versos para una historia” on the violin by Rodolfo Reyes and the voice of Luis Fabrizio Tapia, who dedicated his performance to LUIS DESIDERIO MORAGA CRUZ, his grandfather and a forcibly disappeared person since October 20, 1975.

It featured the narration of Miguel Davagnino, a historic voice in communications, a news presenter until the Coup d'État, former director of DICAP, and creator of the program “Nuestro Canto,” which broadcast the Nueva Canción Chilena in the midst of the dictatorship.

Source: labatalla.cl, September 11, 2021

Date: 09-11-2021

29 former agents of the Comando Conjunto sentenced for kidnappings and homicides during the dictatorship

In the context of the repression against the Communist Youth

The minister visiting Human Rights cases of the Santiago Court of Appeals, Miguel Vázquez Plaza, sentenced 29 former agents of the Comando Conjunto for their responsibility in the kidnappings and qualified homicides of Ricardo Weibel Navarrete, Juan Orellana Catalán, Luis Moraga Cruz, Ignacio González Espinoza, and Luis Maturana González, crimes that occurred between October 1975 and June 1976 in Santiago.

The magistrate sentenced Juan Saavedra Loyola (18 years of imprisonment, 13 years of imprisonment, and 3 years of imprisonment), Manuel Muñoz Gamboa (18 years of imprisonment, 13 years of imprisonment, and 3 years of imprisonment), Daniel Guimpert Corvalán (18 years of imprisonment, 12 years of imprisonment, and 3 years of imprisonment), Antonio Quiros Reyes (18 years of imprisonment, 6 years of imprisonment, and 540 days of imprisonment), Raúl González Fernández (10 years and one day of imprisonment, 10 years and one day of imprisonment, and 400 days of imprisonment), Roberto Flores Cisterna (10 years and one day of imprisonment, 5 years and one day of imprisonment, and 400 days of imprisonment), Carlos Rodrigo Villarreal (10 years and one day of imprisonment, 5 years and one day of imprisonment, and 400 days of imprisonment), Alejandro Sáez Mardones (10 years and one day of imprisonment, 10 years and one day of imprisonment, and 400 days of imprisonment), Jorge Osses Novoa (12 years of imprisonment, 10 years and one day of imprisonment, and 400 days of imprisonment), Sergio Díaz López (12 years of imprisonment, 10 years and one day of imprisonment, and 400 days of imprisonment), Álvaro Corbalán Castilla (12 years of imprisonment, 10 years and one day of imprisonment, and 400 days of imprisonment), Lenin Figueroa Sánchez (5 years and one day of imprisonment, 5 years and one day of imprisonment, and 400 days of imprisonment), Miguel Estay Reyno (5 years of imprisonment, 5 years and one day of imprisonment, and 400 days of imprisonment), Sergio Valenzuela Morales (5 years of imprisonment, 5 years and one day of imprisonment, and 400 days of imprisonment), Juan Aravena Hurtuvia (5 years of imprisonment, 5 years and one day of imprisonment, 400 days of imprisonment), Ernesto Lobos Gálvez (5 years and one day of imprisonment and 60 days of imprisonment), Alejandro Forero Álvarez (5 years and one day of imprisonment and 60 days of imprisonment), Viviana Ugarte Sandoval (5 years and one day of imprisonment and 400 days of imprisonment), Andrés Potin Laihacar (5 years and one day of imprisonment and 400 days of imprisonment), Emilio Mahias del Río (5 years and one day of imprisonment and 400 days of imprisonment), Juan López López (5 years and one day of imprisonment and 400 days of imprisonment), Evaristo Rojas Alruiz (5 years and one day of imprisonment and 400 days of imprisonment), Francisco Illanes Saavedra (5 years and one day of imprisonment and 400 days of imprisonment), Roberto Serón Contreras (5 years and one day), Otto Trujillo Miranda (10 years and one day of imprisonment), Robinson Suazo Jaque (4 years of imprisonment and 60 days of imprisonment), Pedro Caamaño Medina (4 years of imprisonment and 60 days of imprisonment), Pedro Zambrano Uribe (4 years of imprisonment and 60 days of imprisonment), and José Alvarado Alvarado (4 years of imprisonment and 60 days of imprisonment).

Meanwhile, agents Eduardo Cartagena Maldonado, Alex Carrasco Olivos, José Vera Reyes, Juan Huaiquimilla Coñuepan, and Víctor Zuñiga Zuñiga were acquitted.

Source: elciudadano.cl, September 10, 2019

Date: 09-10-2019

Exclusives: Judges with exclusive dedication reduced to four

In a ruling that had already been anticipated, the full bench of the Supreme Court determined that only four of the eight judges with exclusive dedication will remain in this status, while the rest will move to form a tribunal with preferential dedication.

Based on the background information collected by the high court, it was determined that the First Court of Letters of San Bernardo, headed by Judge Cecilia Flores; the Eighth Criminal Court of Santiago, with María Ines Collins; the Ninth Criminal Court of Santiago with Raquel Lermanda; and the Tenth Criminal Court with Juan Antonio Poblete will remain as exclusive judges.

Additionally, the Fourth Criminal Court of San Miguel, headed by María Teresa Díaz, will remain in the same status, although only for a period of one month.

In the case of the First Criminal Court of Santiago, the Fifth Criminal Court of Santiago, the First Criminal Court of Arica, the Court of Letters of María Elena, the First and Second Criminal Courts of Valparaíso, the First Civil Court of Chillán, the First Criminal Court of Chillán, the First Criminal Court of Talcahuano, the Court of Letters of Pucón, and the Second Criminal Court of Valdivia, these will join the existing group of preferential judges.

The most difficult situation is faced by the judges of the Third Criminal Court of Santiago, Mario Carroza; the Third Criminal Court of San Miguel, María Teresa Díaz; and the Court of Letters of Santa Bárbara, Loreto Jara, who will henceforth become preferential judges.

But the Supreme Court also ordered the Tenth Criminal Court to annex the proceedings that correspond to the cases it is processing in order to advance the investigation; however, it provided no further details in this regard.

All exclusive and preferential judges must report on their management after one month and will be evaluated again by the superior court.

Regarding the details of the cases, the proceedings for the death of Juan Luis Rivera Matus, case file 107.716-9, will begin to be handled on a preferential basis by the incumbent of the First Criminal Court of Santiago, Joaquín Billard, who will also process case file 107.254.

In the case of the Fifth Criminal Court, it will hear case file 167.716-16, titled as the disappeared from La Moneda, which was already classified as preferential.

In the First and Fourth Courts of Arica, case files 51925 and 13.322-A will be heard, respectively.

In María Elena, proceedings 31-91 will be investigated on a preferential basis, while in the First Criminal Court of Valparaíso, the case of the British priest Michael Woodward, case file 140.454, will be heard.

In the Second Criminal Court of Valparaíso, case file 127.298-1 will be heard.

In Chillán, meanwhile, the First Civil Court will hear case 11.599, which, according to FASIC, does not correspond to a human rights case; conversely, in the First Criminal Court of the same city, the disappearance of Ernesto Torres Guzmán, case file 70.927-6, will be investigated.

In the case of Talcahuano, case file 24.776 is annexed as preferential; in Pucón, case file 4.473; and in Valdivia, case file 75.858.

Conversely, the cases regarding the disappearance of Daniel Reyes Piña, Leopoldo Muñoz Andrade, Víctor Morales Mazuela, and Víctor Cárdenas Valderrama, which were being processed by the Third Criminal Court of San Miguel, will be negatively affected by the Supreme Court's ruling, as they will now have preferential status.

In any case, it works in their favor that indictments have already been issued in the cases of Morales and Cárdenas.

In the Third Criminal Court of Santiago, the disappearance at the hands of the DINA of Iván Carreño Aguilero, and the deaths of Luis Moraga Cruz, Juan Orellana Catalán, and Ricardo Weibel Navarrete, who perished at the hands of the Comando Conjunto, will now be preferential cases. This tribunal also hears the proceedings for the disappearance of the former GAP member Domingo Blanco Tarres.

In the case of Santa Bárbara, the investigation into the cases of Luis Bastias Sandoval, Luis Cid Cid, Cristino Cid Fuentealba, José Molina Quezada, José Pinto, Raimundo Salaza, Segundo Soto, and Gabriel Viveros, who were forcibly disappeared in the first days of the Military Coup, is negatively affected.

In the Tenth Criminal Court of Santiago, four cases reported to the Dialogue Table by the Armed Forces are being investigated; these concern the 1975 disappearance of Ricardo Lagos Salinas, Carlos Lorca Tobar, Michelle Peña Herreros, and Exequiel Ponce Vicencio.

Source: Primera Linea, April 23, 2002

Date: 04-23-2002

New Remains Found at Fuerte Arteaga

Visiting Minister Amanda Valdovinos confirmed that human skeletal remains, corresponding to three people, were found inside the Justo Arteaga Army Regiment in Colina. The diligence corresponds to what was ordered by the Supreme Court after receiving the report from the Dialogue Table that concluded in January and which, according to the information provided by the Armed Forces, stated that the remains of some 20 people were buried at that military facility.

Caucoto: "They belong to the Comando Conjunto"

Lawyer Nelson Caucoto told La Voz that all the remains that may be located in the Colina sector correspond to victims of the so-called Comando Conjunto.

According to the Rettig Report, some of the forcibly disappeared persons are Humberto Fuentes Rodríguez, Luis Moraga Cruz, Ricardo Weibel Navarrete (identified), Ignacio González Espinoza (identified), Miguel Rodríguez Gallardo, Nicomedes Toro Bravo, José Sagredo Pacheco, Carlos Contreras Maluje, Juan René Orellana, Luis Emilio Maturana, Juan Gianelli Company, Fernando Navarro Allendes, Horacio Cepeda Marinkovic, Lincoyán Berrios Cataldo, Juan Fernando Ortiz Letelier, Waldo Pizarro Molina, Héctor Veliz Ramírez, Luis Lazo Santander, and Reinalda Pereira Plaza, among others.

For this reason, the professional considers the system of designating special judges carried out by the Supreme Court at the request of the government to be "inefficient." "The system has caused confusion, because without a doubt, more progress is made with a minister in charge of specific cases."

Source: Primera Linea, July 19, 2001

Date: 07-19-2001

Supreme Court confirms convictions of 27 former agents of the Comando Conjunto for crimes against five communist militants committed between 1975 and 1976

The Supreme Court rejected the appeals for annulment filed by the defense teams of the former agents of the so-called Comando Conjunto against the sentence that convicted 27 of them for their responsibility in the crimes of simple kidnapping and qualified homicide of Ignacio Orlando González Espinoza and Juan René Orellana Catalán; and in the qualified kidnappings of Ricardo Manuel Weibel Navarrete, Luis Desiderio Moraga Cruz, and Luis Emilio Gerardo Maturana González, all militants of the Communist Party.

The crimes were perpetrated between October 1975 and June 1976 in the city of Santiago.

The so-called Comando Conjunto was a repressive apparatus created by the dictatorship under the tutelage of the Air Force (FACh) and the participation of agents from the army, the navy, the carabineros, and civilian fascists, which operated mainly between the years 1975 and 1977, and whose raison d'être was to compete in repressive and criminal tasks with the absolute power held by the DINA under the tutelage of the army and the direction of Pinochet and Contreras.

In a unanimous ruling (case file 32.012-2022), the Second Chamber of the high court—composed of ministers Manuel Antonio Valderrama, Jorge Dahm, Leopoldo Llanos, Minister María Teresa Letelier, and Minister Jean Pierre Matus—confirmed the challenged sentence, issued by the Santiago Court of Appeals, which sentenced former FACh officer Juan Francisco Saavedra Loyola and former carabineros officer Manuel Agustín Muñoz Gamboa to terms of 18 years in prison, plus 13 years and 3 years in prison, each.

Former navy officer Daniel Luis Enrique Guimpert Corvalán was sentenced to 18 years, plus 12 and 3 years in prison.

Former army officers Álvaro Julio Federico Corbalán Castilla and Sergio Antonio Díaz López, and former navy officer Jorge Aníbal Osses Novoa, were sentenced to 12 years in prison, plus 10 years and one day, plus 400 days in prison each.

Agents Raúl Horacio González Fernández and Alejandro Julio Segundo Sáez Mardones were sentenced to two terms of 10 years and one day in prison, plus 400 days in prison each.

Agents Roberto Alfonso Flores Cisterna and Juan Carlos Hernán Rodrigo Villarreal were sentenced to 10 years and one day, plus 5 years and one day, plus 400 days in prison each.

Civilian fascist Otto Silvio Trujillo Miranda was sentenced to 10 years and one day in prison. Agent Lenin Figueroa Sánchez was sentenced to two terms of 5 years and one day, plus 400 days in prison.

Agents Sergio Daniel Valenzuela Morales and Juan Atilio Aravena Hurtuvia were sentenced to 5 years and one day in prison, plus 5 years, plus 400 days in prison.

Civilian fascists Andrés Pablo Potín Lailhacar, Viviana Lucinda Ugarte Sandoval, Emilio Mahias del Río, and agents Juan Luis Fernando López López, José Evaristo Rojas Alruiz, and Francisco Segundo Illanes Miranda were sentenced to 5 years and one day in prison, plus 400 days in prison.

Ernesto Arturo Lobos Gálvez and Alejandro Jorge Forero Álvarez were sentenced to 5 years and one day in prison, plus 60 days in prison.

Roberto Francisco Serón Cárdenas was sentenced to 5 years and one day in prison. Robinson Alfonso Suazo Jaque, Pedro Ernesto Caamaño Medina, Pedro Juan Zambrano Uribe, and José Hernando Alvarado Alvarado were sentenced to 4 years, plus 60 days in prison each.

The also-convicted Antonio Benedicto Quiros Reyes and Miguel Arturo Estay Reyno died during the course of the proceedings.

In the judicial investigation and first-instance ruling, Minister Miguel Vásquez Plaza established that there existed a de facto group that operated clandestinely between the years 1975 and 1976, composed mainly of agents who belonged to the Air Force Intelligence Directorate, in addition to the Carabineros of Chile, the Navy, and the Army, with the collaboration of civilians, whose main objective was the repression of the Communist Party Youth, for which they proceeded to detain several of them.

This group, called Comando Conjunto, used various facilities for detentions and torture: Hangar de Cerrillos; Nido 20, a secret detention and torture center located at Calle Santa Teresa No. 037, at the 20th stop of Gran Avenida; Nido 18, a secret center located at Calle Perú No. 9053, La Florida, Santiago, which was used exclusively for torture; La Prevención or Remo Cero, which were dungeons located inside the Anti-Aircraft Artillery Regiment in Colina, all this during the year 1975; La Firma, at the beginning of 1976, when said group moved its operations to the rear of the property in charge of the Carabineros of Chile, located on Calle Dieciocho, across from No. 229, which belonged to the former newspaper Clarín, becoming known as La Firma.

The operational actions of the group consisted of detaining people using the kidnapping method, keeping them captive in secret facilities, and subjecting them to interrogations and torture, both physical and psychological, to obtain information and break their will, achieving the collaboration of some of them, to the point that some were assimilated as operational agents of the group, which provided greater effectiveness in the chain detention of communist militants, who were then forcibly disappeared; in the course of the years, parts of the remains of some of them were found.

On November 7, 1975, at approximately 10:00 PM, Ricardo Manuel Weibel Navarrete was detained at his home on Calle Río Maule in the Recoleta district by individuals wearing civilian clothes; he was kept deprived of liberty in the facility called La Prevención or Remo Cero, located inside the Anti-Aircraft Regiment in Colina, the last place where he was seen alive, and subsequently, his skeletal remains were found on the grounds of Fuerte Arteaga, Peldehue.

On October 20, 1975, in the early morning hours, Luis Desiderio Moraga Cruz was detained at his home on Pasaje Tokio in the Juanita Aguirre neighborhood, Conchalí district, Santiago, by individuals wearing civilian clothes; he was kept reclined in the Anti-Aircraft Artillery Regiment in Colina, inside which was the facility called La Prevención or Remo Cero, this being the last place where he was seen alive.

On December 4, 1975, in the early morning hours, Ignacio Orlando González Espinoza was detained at his home on Calle Soberanía in the Santiago district by individuals wearing civilian clothes; he was kept deprived of liberty in the facility called La Prevención or Remo Cero, located inside the Anti-Aircraft Artillery Regiment in Colina, the last place where he was seen alive, and subsequently, he was executed on the grounds of Fuerte Arteaga, Peldehue, where his skeletal remains were found.

On June 8, 1976, in the Estación Central sector, Luis Emilio Gerardo Maturana González met with Juan René Orellana Catalán, both militants of the Communist Youth in hiding due to the political persecution they were subjected to, with the purpose of handing over party money to Orellana Catalán for himself and for him to hand it over to other party militants, as Maturana González was in charge of distributing it; at that moment, they were detained by operational agents of the aforementioned Comando Conjunto, keeping them reclined in the facility called La Firma, from where their trail was lost.

Subsequently, Orellana Catalán was executed at Cuesta Barriga, where his remains were found.

Source: resumen.cl, April 26, 2024

In Memory of Luis D. Moraga Cruz, one of the many Forcibly Disappeared in Chile.

LETTER TO A BROTHER

Luis D. Moraga Cruz By: ANONYMOUS

In Memory of Luis D. Moraga Cruz, one of the many Forcibly Disappeared in Chile.

Dear Diego: This letter should have been written some years ago. However, that which some call destiny has led us down different paths and urgencies, always taking us away from what is truly important. You know better than anyone what I am referring to.

These years have been fierce. They have been many years in a single time. Many geographies, many mountains, much jungle, much pain; but above all the things that have happened, we have been there, damn it. Fighting.

Searching for paths, no longer machete in hand, for that was easy because you had the enemy in front of you and it was a matter of living or dying, just like that.

Today it is a matter of surviving, and sometimes living through situations for which we are definitely not prepared.

There are many rats today lurking on the paths. Much vermin that does not attack head-on, but poisons and burns. It corrodes and they laugh and they dress in blue and sometimes they speak our own language.

Perhaps it was better to die than to live. But you see, some of us didn't even have that privilege. And it wasn't for lack of looking for it, but because the bastard death simply didn't want us.

But it's okay, Diego. Let's talk about other things. Let's go back to drinking sweet wine on clandestine nights. In Franklin, do you remember, Diego? They were there and we were right next to them, waiting for them to react. But nothing.

Just like on the 11th when they detained us and in the "fito" four grips were tied to determined hands and the minutes that followed were loaded with death and fire and a lot of lead that didn't want to find hearts or bodies.

Then they let us continue. You smiled and I was scared shitless, but firm. As firm as when the "chico" came to tell me that you had fallen and I had to abandon place and belongings because surely they would come after us.

And I said no. There was a pact that you knew how to keep as you always said you would. Like a real man, comrade. It is so different today.

But it is not yet time to write about life. About facts that will one day come to light and will illuminate memories and sorrows.

They will cleanse and make paths. And they will make many plazas and streets bear your name and the names of all those who fell, simply as men, tied to silence.

Without the poisoned tongue that today lies and crucifies memories. That invents lives and feats or calls themselves historical without having received or fired a single fucking shot.

I remember you laughing your head off when I told you about old man Venegas and the old men of steel in the central nucleus.

Just yesterday I read José Miguel Varas talking about the "guagua" and telling the stories of the middle stone. Both stories in different years but with the same metaphor.

The indestructible ones. The beams that—according to the old man—held up the entire scaffolding. He was always such a worker, so orthodox, and so good. When the González Videla thing happened (he called him the rumba dancer), he had to hide his small humanity in a canal for days.

When the political police approached, he would submerge his head and breathe through a hollow reed. That is why the paralysis and his memory lapses when he gave reports.

I sincerely believe the time has come to tell the true story. And it, like the truth, will set us free and in the process we will clean a thousand paths.

The scene of the giant ants and the stadium they formed, bringing every piece of sand or grain outside their burrow, has come to my memory.

You contemplating that task and surely making the comparison with the work that we had to do. Efrain told me that you had been careless and a vermin was about to fall on you.

According to Efrain, it was one of the most poisonous ones, and then his knife tore through the warm air and the leaves and sank into the trunk, pinning the little snake less than a meter from your body.

The skinny guy was accurate.

He always was. I found him on a Transantiago bus a month ago. He is old like all of us who survived. He looked at me and I looked at him too. He was accompanied.

When he was getting off, the sly one turned his head and smiled at me as a way of saying goodbye. It has always been the same when we have met other "old men."

When the tongue is silent, lives are preserved.

When the vermin thing happened, you said you owed him one and you never brought up the subject again.

The years passed and it was your turn to pay, and everything was as you discussed it there at the bar on Gran Avenida every Thursday night, when we took roll call of what we had done during the week and exchanged tasks while fascism, rabid, walked through the tables and outside that old cantina and all of Santiago trembled with fear, occupied by the murderous hordes.

It was just like those ants in the small house. Each one doing their task and carrying their own grains that we scattered through all the neighborhoods of the capital and thus in every mailbox, multiplying and multiplying again in the woman with the bag or in the schoolgirl who took her message to the teacher and he gave it to a guardian who crossed all of Santiago again to take it to a construction site and from there again ten workers who left with messages to other neighborhoods.

That is why we were invincible, because we were like those ants, only this time Efraín would not be there to pin the green snake that finally achieved its objective.

I have read a lot, brother Diego, about your detention and how you faced the enemy. And when they told me that there was someone of such characteristics who had tried to take a weapon from the executioners, I thought to myself, "that is Diego." And later when they told me that they had beaten you to a pulp and you still offended and rebuked them, I had the certainty that it was you.

Later, when you threw yourself into the void to end your life and not give them the pleasure of being the ones who killed a true communist, I had no doubt that the knife that emptied your entrails to throw you into the sea from a helicopter was doing nothing more than tearing the inert flesh of a lifeless body.

You, Diego, were already living in the history that one day we will tell our children and grandchildren.

That will be later. For now, I write, in a hurry, this letter that I must give to someone so that they learn to be, simply like you.

Source: lasnoticias.cl | 2007-11-13