On January 10, 1977, José Luis APPEL DE LA CRUZ was kidnapped by a group of armed civilians in a public street in the city of Cipolletti, Neuquén Province, Argentina, before the eyes of his spouse, Carmen Angélica DELARD CABEZAS, and their daughter.

Carmen Delard disappeared at the police station of that city while filing a report regarding her spouse's disappearance. On January 17, one week later, her sister Gloria Ximena DELARD CABEZAS was detained at her home in Buenos Aires along with her spouse, Roberto CRISTI MELERO, and their two children.

Gloria Delard was pregnant with her third child. The patrol of Federal Police agents took them to the Escuela Mecánica de la Armada (ESMA), the facility from which they disappeared. The two sisters, Carmen and Gloria Delard, and their husbands were students and members of the MIR at the University of Concepción.

Persecuted in Chile after September 11, 1973, they accepted an offer from a family friend, a former Army colonel, to help them cross the Chilean-Argentine border, settling in Neuquén and Buenos Aires, respectively.

Following the detention, the children of both marriages were found by their grandparents in different orphanages. Regarding the third child, only unconfirmed reports were obtained about his birth in captivity, and Gloria Delard's parents were unable to find him.

The Commission has reached the conviction that both couples were victims of forced disappearance, in violation of their human rights, within the framework of the situation already referred to, but there is insufficient evidence to affirm the participation of agents of the State of Chile in these events.

Source: (Rettig Report)

From the Bío-Bío: 100 years of the University of Concepción and recent memory.

: Sociology students remember fellow students who fell during the dictatorship at the Memorial near the "Laguna de los Patos" at the UDEC (August 2018). The Memorial was designed and built in 1993 collectively by students and survivors led by Lautaro Labbé, a sculptor, popular fighter, and leader of the PS-Collective Leadership.

The sculptor conceived of art as a cooperative creation and completely accessible to those who wished to appreciate it, rather than as personal works or museum pieces. Lautaro passed away in Santiago at the age of 84 on November 10, 2014.

The University of Concepción (UdeC) begins to celebrate its first centenary, 100 years of history and direct connection with the city and the country. A history that had an active participation in the social reality of Chile, where the strong participation and political militancy of its students peaked in the 60s and 70s, and which during the dictatorship translated into severe repression, torture, and death.

The “U de Conce” was the alma mater of men and women who gave their lives to build a more just society, or in the resistance to the military-business dictatorship that scourged the Chilean people. The names of a large part of these individuals (54 of the 71 in total) are present at the memorial on the side of the Los Patos lagoon; others, such as Caupolicán Inostroza, are remembered with a plaque in the Humanities parking lot, the place where he was murdered by Carabineros in March of '84.

However, it is necessary to acknowledge everyone, students and graduates, who are also part of the history of the University and of Chile.

See the complete list below

Name Age Degree Status Date Location Militancy Álvarez Castillo, Fernando 40 MPT 08-11-73 Concepción PC Angulo Matamala, Rolando Gastón 26 Social Worker ME 19-04-74 Chillán MIR Appel de la Cruz, José Luis 28 Student DD 10-01-77 Argentina MIR Araneda Contreras, Vladimir Daniel 33 Professor ME 22-10-73 Concepción PC Araya Palominos, Jaime Franklin Wladimir 26 ME 23-09-73 Los Ángeles MIR Barra García, Luis Alberto 44 Physician ME 28-11-86 Santiago MIR Bascuñán Mourgues, Carlos Dewet 28 Journalism ME 16-09-73 Chañaral Bordaz Paz, José Francisco 31 Mechanical Engineer ME 07-12-74 Santiago MIR Bruce Catalán, Alan Roberto 24 Student DD 13-02-75 Santiago MIR Cabrera Balarritz, Elizabeth del Carmen 23 Social Worker ME 15-09-73 Antofagasta MIR Campos Carrillo, Felipe Porfirio 23 Kinesiology (Ecuadorian) ME 20-09-73 Concepción Calfulén Quintriqeo, Silvia 22 Pedagogy MA 09-09-88 Concepción FPMR Carrasco Tapia, José Humberto 43 Journalist ME 08-09-86 Santiago MIR Carrasco Vásquez, José Hernán 28 ME 01-12-75 Santiago MIR Carreño González, Enrique Ángel 20 Agronomy Student DD 20-09-73 Parral MIR Catalán Febrero, Miguel Ángel 24 ME 09-10-73 Concepción MIR Cid Urrutia, Washington 24 Mathematics Pedagogy DD 08-12-74 Santiago MIR Contreras Maluje, Carlos Humberto 29 Pharmaceutical Chemist DD 03-11-76 Santiago PC Cornejo Fernández, Luis Ángel Ariel 23 Topography Student DD 18-09-73 Los Ángeles JJCC Crisóstomo Salgado, Eduardo Segundo 24 DD 01-10-73 Chillán MIR Cristi Melero, Roberto 26 Student DD 17-01-77 Argentina MIR Chaer Vázquez, Roberto Salomón 21 DD 06-09-74 Santiago MIR Delard Cabezas, Carmen Angélica 23 Student DD 10-01-77 Argentina MIR Delard Cabezas, Gloria Ximena 22 Student DD 17-01-77 Argentina MIR Dockendorff Navarrete, Muriel 23 Student DD 06-08-74 Santiago MIR Eltit Spielman, Jaime Emilio 28 DD 13-09-73 Temuco MIR Enríquez Espinosa, Edgardo 34 Civil Engineer DD 10-04-76 Argentina MIR Enríquez Espinosa, Miguel Humberto 30 Physician MC 05-10-74 Santiago MIR Espinoza Parra, Juan Elías 35 ME 29-12-83 Santiago MIR Felmer Klenner, José Luis 20 ME 19-10-73 Puerto Montt MIR Fernández Zapata, Carlos Julio 26 DD 10-09-74 Santiago MIR Flores Durán, Sergio Gabriel 29 Anthropology ME 11-12-81 Santiago MIR Fuentes Alarcón, Jorge Isaac 28 Sociologist DD 17-05-75 Paraguay MIR Gangotena Vallejos, Alfredo 22 Sociology (Ecuadorian) ME 25-09-73 Lirquén Gómez Iturra, Juan Carlos Roberto 27 Journalist ME 21-06-79 Santiago MIR González Fernández, Héctor Genaro 27 DD 06-09-74 Santiago MIR Grez Aburto, Jorge Arturo 29 DD 23-05-74 Santiago MIR Herrera Riveros, Nelson Adrián 30 ME 23-08-84 Concepción MIR Hillerns Larrañaga, Arturo Enrique 29 Surgeon DD 15-09-73 Temuco MIR Ibarra Córdova, Fabián Enrique 26 Accountant DD 17-01-75 Valparaíso MIR Inostroza Lamas, Caupolicán Humberto 26 Engineering Student ME 27-03-84 Concepción Jaccard Siegler, Alexis Vladimir 25 DD 17-05-77 Argentina MIR Jara Castro, José Hipólito Segundo 29 Pharmaceutical Chemist DD 14-09-74 Santiago MIR Krauss Iturra, Víctor Fernando 24 MF 04-10-73 Valdivia MIR Lagos Marín, Ogán Esteban 20 ME 28-04-74 Chillán MIR Lagos Marín, Sergio Humberto 26 Sociologist DD 07-02-75 Santiago MIR Leal Sanhueza, Heriberto del Carmen 24 Engineering DD 20-07-76 Argentina MIR Mella Flores, Alejandro Robinson 19 Sociology DD 19-09-73 Linares Miranda Lobos, Eduardo Francisco 27 Topographer DD 07-10-74 Santiago MIR Montecinos San Martín, Marcos Hernán 25 ME 03-09-75 Concepción MIR Negrete Peña, César Arturo Emiliano 25 Commercial Engineer DD 09-12-74 Santiago MIR Neira Salas, Máximo Segundo 34 Economics ME 11-10-73 Concepción MIR Otto Morales, Germán 28 Sociology ME 19-09-73 Concepción MIR Peñailillo Parra, Ana María Luisa 36 Sociologist MA 28-04-86 Valparaíso MIR Perelman Ide, Juan Carlos 31 Chemical Engineer DD 20-02-75 Santiago MIR Pérez Molina, Sergio Alfredo 30 Engineer DD 21-09-74 Santiago MIR Pincheira Llanos, Luis Pantaleón 34 Sociologist ME 10-11-81 Santiago MIR Randolph Segovia, José Rodolfo Rigoberto 24 Engineering Student ME 26-05-85 Concepción Riffo Ramos, Sergio Alejandro 23 DD 29-11-74 Santiago MIR Ríos Pacheco, Sonia del Tránsito 30 Chemistry Pedagogy DD 17-01-75 Valparaíso MIR Rioseco Espinoza, Carlos Ramón 26 DD 18-01-75 Valparaíso MIR Rodríguez Cárcamo, Héctor Roberto 25 DD 19-09-73 Concepción MIR Ruz Zañartu, Ricardo Delfín 34 Primary Teacher ME 27-11-79 Santiago MIR Salinas Argomedo, Ariel Martín 26 University Student DD 25-09-74 Santiago MIR Sobarzo Nuñez, Héctor Patricio 31 Professor ME 02-07-84 Santiago MIR Torres Villalba, Jimmy Freddy 19 Engineering (Ecuadorian) ME 20-09-73 Concepción Van Schouwen Vasey, Bautista 30 Surgeon DD 13-12-73 Santiago MIR Velásquez Molina, Héctor Fernando 37 Professor MPT 08-11-73 Concepción PR Villalobos Díaz, Manuel Jesús 22 DD 17-09-74 Santiago MIR Villavela Araujo, Arturo 38 Chemical Engineer ME 07-09-83 Santiago MIR Zuñiga Tapia, Héctor Cayetano 27 DD 16-09-74 Santiago MIR

Source: cctt.cl 01/04/2019

Date: 01-04-2019

Operation Condor: The stage of the Chilean victims

Connections between the dictatorships of the Southern Cone are being investigated.

In recent weeks, Chilean witnesses testified in the "Operation Condor" trial, where 23 military leaders of South American dictatorships are being judged. It is expected that in the coming weeks, prosecutors and judicial authorities will travel to Paraguay to investigate the disappeared militants from that country.

José De la Maza Asquet was a 27-year-old Chilean who escaped Augusto Pinochet's dictatorship. He was married and a veterinary student at the University of Chile. He also divided his time with militancy.

He was a student leader of the Movement of the Revolutionary Left (MIR). Following the fall of President Salvador Allende in 1974, he began to be persecuted by Pinochet's forces and took refuge in the province of Tucumán.

Three years later, he was arrested in the center of San Miguel de Tucumán and nothing more was heard of him. A few days ago, his friend José Patrocinio Luna testified before Federal Oral Tribunal No. 1.

In the Operation Condor trial, 23 military leaders are being judged for crimes against humanity committed by the dictatorships of the Southern Cone against militants of opposing ideologies. “José came escaping from Chile, I don't remember the date well,” Luna told judges Oscar Amirante, Adrián Grumberg, Pablo Laufer, and Ricardo Ángel Basílico. “We became very good friends, comrades.

We built a community kitchen and carried out very strong social militancy,” said the witness. From the front row of the public gallery, his two children listened to him. Luna was born in the province where Independence was declared and was part of the “Tucumanazo,” a massive social protest that occurred between November 10 and 14, 1970.

De la Maza decided to enter Argentina clandestinely after being pursued by security agents in the Chilean cities of Santiago and Rancagua. In Tucumán, he continued his militancy and joined Peronist groups.

On November 1, 1977, police arrested him in the center of the Tucumán capital. According to judicial sources, De la Maza was betrayed by a Chilean agent of the Dirección de Inteligencia Chilena (DINA).

Luna answered questions from the ad hoc prosecutor Pablo Ouviña and the judges, who wanted to know about his ties to De la Maza. The witness recounted that he was imprisoned for a few months in 1978 and then went into exile.

Luna said that the lawsuit for his case has been initiated in Tucumán and is in the instruction phase. The trial is in its second year—it began in March 2013—and according to judicial sources who spoke to Infojus Noticias, closing arguments are expected in March 2015.

The trial's instruction, led by prosecutor Miguel Ángel Osorio, is still working on the case, and it is likely that more events will be incorporated into the oral debate. The trial is passing through the stage of the Chilean victims; the previous one was that of the Uruguayans.

It is expected that in the coming weeks, prosecutors and judicial authorities will travel to Paraguay because the next stage of the trial will deal with disappeared militants from that country. Two weeks ago, José Luis's sister testified in the trial.

Ximena De la Maza Asquet testified via videoconference from Chile. “We traveled to Tucumán to find out where my brother could be; we went to police stations and institutions, but all the leads were false.

We never heard from him again.” That hearing had a special guest: Judge Baltazar Garzón listened to Ximena's statements from the public seating area of the AMIA Hall. In dialogue with Infojus Noticias, the Spanish magistrate stated that day: “This trial is very important legally, for the search for truth and the reparation of the victims of dictatorial governments.

And politically, it shows the decision of a State, the Argentine one, and the cooperation of others like the Chilean one, to impart justice to the people whose fundamental rights were violated.” On October 10, 1998, in a historic decision, Garzón indicted Augusto Pinochet Ugarte for alleged human rights violations in Chile, his native country, applying the principle of Universal Jurisdiction.

He accused him of being one of the ideologues of an “international organization that conceived, developed, and executed a systematic plan of illegal detentions (kidnappings), torture, forced displacement of persons, murders, and/or the disappearance of numerous people, including citizens of Argentina, Spain, the United Kingdom, the United States, Chile, and other states.” On April 8, 2004, in one of the expansions of the indictment, the Spanish judge included the case of José Luis de la Maza Asquet in his accusation against Pinochet.

The Chilean genocidaire died on December 10, 2006. At the end of March, Chilean journalist Laura Elgueta Díaz testified, ratifying before the TOF her detention at the clandestine center Club Atlético, which operated in facilities of the Federal Police.

During the hearing, she pointed to the DINA agent—now deceased—Enrique Arancibia Clavel as one of her torturers, who is identified as the author of the assassination in Argentina of the Chilean general Carlos Prats.

Elgueta Díaz also testified regarding the disappearance of her brother, Luis Enrique Elgueta. Odette Magnet did the same for the disappearance of her sister, María Cecilia Magnet. For the moment, there are 23 Chilean victims being addressed in the trial: Edgardo Enríquez Espinosa; Luis Enrique Elgueta Díaz; Manuel Jesús Tamayo Martínez; Luis Gonzalo Muñoz Velázquez; Juan Humberto Hernández Zaspe; Alexei Vladimir Jaccard Siegler; José Luis De la Maza Asquet; Miguel Orellana Castro; Cristina Magdalena Carreño Araya; Ángel Athanasiú Jara; Pablo Germán Athanasiú Laschan; Frida Elena Laschan Mellado; Carlos Patricio Rojas Campos; Carmen Angélica Delard Cabezas; Gloria Ximena Delard Cabezas; José Luis Appel de la Cruz; Luis Arnaldo Zaragoza Olivares; Luis Alejandro Espinoza González; Oscar Julián Urra Ferrarese; Susana Ossola de Urra; Rafael Antonio Ferrada; Oscar Orlando Oyarzun Manso; María Cecilia Magnet Ferrero.

Source: infojusnoticias.gob.ar 27/04/2014

Date: 27-04-2014

The trial for the crimes of Operation Condor begins by Alejandro Rebossio (excerpt)

For the first time, the Latin American justice system will try the individuals responsible for Plan Cóndor as a group. This operation involved cooperation between the dictatorships of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay to persecute and eliminate opponents during the 1970s and 1980s.

Until now, only those guilty of crimes against four of the hundreds of victims of this operation had been sentenced. This Tuesday, a trial begins in Buenos Aires that will analyze the disappearance of 106 people, the majority of whom were Uruguayan (about 48), but also included a Peruvian, as well as Chileans, Paraguayans, Bolivians, and Argentines, among whom is the daughter-in-law of the poet Juan Gelman, María Claudia García Irureta.

Among the 25 accused are two former Argentine dictators, Jorge Videla (1976-1981) and Reynaldo Bignone (1982-1983), and only one foreigner, the former Uruguayan military officer Manuel Cordero, charged in the case of García Irureta.

In contrast, the former Peruvian autocrat Francisco Morales Bermúdez (1975-1980) escaped the trial because the Supreme Court of his country denied his extradition, although it requested that he be investigated within its own borders. During the proceedings, details regarding the alleged collaboration of the U.S. with Operation Cóndor will be revealed.

The trial will last at least two years, according to estimates by the magistrates who make up the federal oral tribunal in charge of the case. Nearly 500 witnesses will provide testimony. The case was initiated in the 1990s, when amnesty laws were in effect in Argentina, because cases related to Plan Cóndor had been excluded from them.

Over these years, several individuals responsible for the operation have passed away, such as the Argentine military officers Albano Harguindeguy, Cristino Nicolaides, and Antonio Bussi, as well as the Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet (1973-1990), the Paraguayan Alfredo Stroessner (1954-1989), the Bolivians Hugo Banzer (1971-1978 and democratic president between 1997 and 2001) and Juan Pereda Asbún (1978), the Brazilians Ernesto Geisel (1974-1979) and João Baptista Figueiredo (1979-1985), and the Uruguayans José María Bordaberry (1973-1976) and Aparicio Méndez (1976-1981).

Videla arrives at the trial at 87 years of age, with two life sentences and another 50-year sentence for other crimes against humanity committed by his regime. Bignone, 85, has already received sentences of life imprisonment, 25 years, and 15 years.

This new process will not try other former dictators who are still alive and have not been charged for the 106 cases analyzed, such as the Uruguayan Gregorio Álvarez (1981-1985) and the Bolivian Luis García Meza (1980-1981).

In other countries such as Chile and Uruguay, the justice system has also investigated those responsible for Cóndor, but in the latter country, all inquiries were paralyzed last February by a resolution of that country's Supreme Court. Meanwhile, in Brazil, investigations are only being conducted within the Truth Commission created by President Dilma Rousseff.

Those responsible for the 1984 assassinations of the Chilean general Carlos Pris, who was loyal to the government of Salvador Allende (1970-1973), and his wife in Buenos Aires were convicted in their home country and in Argentina—except for Pinochet, who avoided trial at the time due to his advanced age.

In Argentina, the military officer responsible for the homicides of the Uruguayan parliamentarians Zelmar Michelini and Héctor Gutiérrez Ruiz was sentenced.

The trial beginning this Tuesday will judge the disappearance of Uruguayans, Chileans, Bolivians, Paraguayans, and one Peruvian who had gone into exile in Argentina following the coups d'état that occurred in their countries and before the one led by Videla.

The kidnappings of three Argentines in Brazil will also be analyzed. Through Operation Cóndor, the dictatorships requested that other regimes capture and, in some cases, eliminate or extradite the kidnapped individuals, always outside the parameters established by law.

In certain cases, military personnel from two countries participated together in operations and torture. All of this occurred despite the conflicts the regimes maintained among themselves. However, in the midst of the Cold War, for them, the priority was the fight against "leftists, communists, and Marxists," as revealed by an FBI agent in a cable declassified by the U.S.

Department of State. One of the plaintiff lawyers, Carolina Varsky, from the Center for Legal and Social Studies, anticipates that more cables from the U.S. National Security Archive will be made public during the trial.

The Victims

The Plan Cóndor case will judge responsibilities for crimes committed against: Campiglia Horacio Domingo, Pinus de Binstock Mónica Susana, Habegger Norberto Armando, Reyes González Manuel Federico; Seminario Preciado Carlos Alberto; González de la Vega Oscar Hugo; Corinaldesi de Stamponi Mafalda; Choque Cabrera Fausto; Stamponi Luis Faustino; Rutilo Artes Graciela; Lara Torres Jaime Rafael; Villa Isola Efraín Fernando; Villavicencio Calderón Jorge Hernán; Jordán Vercellone Juan Carlos; Oviedo Morales Walter Eduardo; Saenz Bernal Reinaldo Lásaro; Vargas Orozco Johnny; Suárez Balladares Erasmo; Rojas Caballero Máximo; Enríquez Espinosa Edgardo; Elgueta Díaz Luis Enrique; Tamayo Martínez Manuel Jesús; Muñoz Velázquez Luis Gonzalo; Hernández Zaspe Juan Humberto; Jaccard Siegler Alexei Vladimir; De la Maza Asquet José Luis; Orellana Castro Miguel Iván; Carreño Araya Cristina Magdalena; Athanasiú Jara Ángel; Athanasiú Laschan Pablo Germán; Laschan Mellado Frida Elena; Rojas Campos Carlos Patricio; Delard Cabezas Carmen Angélica; Delard Cabezas Gloria Ximena; Appel de la Cruz José Luis; Zaragoza Olivares Luis Arnaldo; Espinoza González Luis Alejandro; Urra Ferrarese Oscar Julián; Ossola de Urra Susana; Ferrada Rafael Antonio; Oyarzun Manso Oscar Orlando; Cram González Washington; Trías Hernández Cecilia Susana; Urtasún Terra José Luis; Silveira Gramont María Rosa; Maidana Bentín Félix; Borelli Cattáneo Raúl Edgardo; Cabezudo Pérez Carlos Federico; Lezama González Rafael Laudelino; Moreno Malugani Miguel Ángel; Prieto González Rubén; Alfaro Vázquez Pedro Daniel; Severo Barreto Ary Héctor; Epelbaum Lila; Epelbaum Claudio; Bentancour Garín Walner Ademir; Rodríguez Liberto Félix Antonio; Méndez Donadío José Hugo; Candia Correa Francisco Edgardo; Burgueño Pereyra Ada Margaret; Gándara Castroman Elba Lucía; Carretero Cardenas Casimira María del Rosario; Recagno Ibarburu Juan Pablo; Cabrera Prates Ary; Mechoso Méndez Alberto Cecilio; Tejera Llovet Raúl Néstor; Soba Fernández Adalberto Waldemar; Arnone Hernández Armando Bernardo; Queiro Uzal Washington Domingo; Machado Modesto Humberto; Río Casas Miguel Ángel: Lerena Costa de Corchs Elena Paulina; Bosco Muñoz Alfredo Fernando; D’elía Pallares Julio César; Dossetti Techeira Edmundo Sabino; García Ramos de Dossetti Ileana Sara María; Duarte Lujan León Gualberto; Rodríguez Mercader Carlos Alfredo; Errandonea Salvia Juan Pablo; Chizzola Cano Eduardo Efraín; Hernández Hobbas Beatriz Lourdes; Hernández Hobbas Woshington Fernando; Grispón de Logares Mónica Sofía; Logares Claudio Ernesto; Artigas Nilo de Moyano María Asunción; Moyano Alfredo; Zaffaroni Castilla Jorge Roberto; Islas Gatti de Zaffaroni María Emilia; García Irureta Goyena María Claudia; Rodas Néstor; Méndez Fleitas Epifanio; Filártiga Martínez Juan Alberto; Benítez o Benítez Gómez Florencio; Ledesma Medina o Medina Ledezma Oscar Eladio; Roa Espinosa o Espinoza Emilio; Maidana Antonio; Tatter Morinigo Jorge Federico; Penayo Ferreyra o Ferreira Juan José; Vera Báez Cátulo; Ballestrino de Careaga Esther, Carrillo Rodríguez Fausto Augusto; Logoluso José Alejandro; Landi Gil Marta Dora; Nell o Nell Granda José o José Luis; Santana Escotto o Scotto Nelson Rodolfo; Inzaurralde Melgar o Insaurralde Melgar Gustavo Edison; Goiburú Jiménez o Giménez Agustín. (excerpt)

Source: runrun.es 5/03/2013

Date: 05-03-2013

Operation Cóndor: The DINA had barracks in Buenos Aires and Mendoza (EXCERPT)

The Argentine Prosecutor General, Pablo Ouviña, stated that two DINA networks operated in Argentina: one in Buenos Aires, the other in Mendoza. In 1977, the organization was dissolved, and its personnel and resources were transferred to the National Intelligence Center (CNI).

Exile as a repressive policy following the coup d'état of September 11, 1973, and the subsequent establishment of exiles abroad who denounced human rights violations in Chile, moved the dictatorship to extend repression beyond its borders through the National Intelligence Directorate (DINA), the executing arm for kidnappings, murders, and disappearances used within the framework of Operation Cóndor.

This was stated by Argentine Prosecutor General Pablo Ouviña during his closing argument in the oral and public debate regarding the international illicit association for the elimination of left-wing militants implemented by the Southern Cone dictatorships in the 70s. In the trial, which began in 2013, 18 former Argentine generals and colonels and one Uruguayan are being tried.

After describing the Uruguay-Argentina binomial, in his introduction to the Chilean case, Ouviña remarked that "at the time of the coup d'état" of September 11, 1973, "the method of repression to be used was not predefined," which "meant that the consolidation of the Chilean repressive model took at least two years." In that sense, the prosecutor recalled that "the Chilean dictatorship went from a scheme of detention in large concentration camps, executions by firing squad, and the internment of the main leaders of the Popular Unity government, to a model of clandestine repression."

Ouviña described the implementation of exile through Decree-Law 81, which authorized the expulsion or prohibition of return for people who were outside the country. That provision enabled the dictatorship to begin emptying the concentration camps and caused the expulsion of the main cadres of the parties and political organizations of democratic Chile who survived the overthrow of the constitutional government.

In Chile, there were many exiles from the Southern Cone, especially from Uruguay and Brazil, who became one of the targets sought by the dictatorship. Many of those exiles were refugees of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and had to "re-exile." For them, as well as for the persecuted Chileans, Argentina was a land of refuge in 1973, explained Ouviña.

The DINA had an external sub-directorate, which developed attack strategies to discourage or end denunciation activities from abroad and also planned the execution of criminal operations. Starting in 1974, the DINA increasingly developed an extraterritorial capacity.

These had personnel and were also strengthened by collaboration with other services and organizations abroad, the prosecutor cited from the so-called Rettig Report. Indeed, when the repressive body created by Pinochet consolidated its structure, it sent agents stationed at embassies, with links to local repressive bodies.

The DINA agents, Ouviña described, also had "alliances with extreme right-wing Argentine, Cuban, and Italian exile groups, mainly." The prosecutor was able to reconstruct the DINA's actions with documents seized during the arrest in Buenos Aires of the Chilean agent Enrique Arancibia Clavel, "a documentary collection of unique characteristics," which he had already cited throughout his argument, has allowed for the reconstruction of the history of Operation Cóndor.

As is evident from the case regarding Operation Cóndor being processed in the Argentine courts, two DINA networks operated: one in Buenos Aires, the other in Mendoza. In 1977, the organization was dissolved, and its personnel and resources were transferred to the National Intelligence Center (CNI).

According to witnesses who testified in the trial, the change occurred after the assassination of Foreign Minister Orlando Letelier in Washington.

The targets of the DINA in Operation Cóndor:

The Movement of the Revolutionary Left (MIR) in particular and the JCR—a link between the guerrilla movements of the Southern Cone—as a group of which it was a part, became a target of the coordination networks, especially after the arrest of Jorge Fuentes Alarcón in Asunción, Paraguay, in May 1975, along with Amílcar Santucho.

Other targets of the DINA were members of the Communist and Socialist parties. Several members of the leadership of both were kidnapped in Buenos Aires and Mendoza, Ouviña pointed out. In total, 25 cases of Chilean victims are part of the object of the case: Manuel Jesús Tamayo Martínez, Luis Gonzalo Muñoz Velázquez, Juan Humberto Hernández Zaspe, Edgardo Enríquez Espinoza, Ángel Athanasiú Jara, Pablo Germán Athanasiú Laschan, Frida Elena Laschan Mellado, Miguel Iván Orellana Castro, María Cecilia Magnet Ferrero, Luis Enrique Elgueta Díaz, Patricio Antonio Biedma, Jesús Cejas Arias, Crescencio Nicomedes Galañena Hernández, CARMEN ANGELICA DELARD CABEZAS, José Luis Appel de la Cruz, Gloria Ximena Delard Cabezas, Oscar Julián Urra Ferrarese, Susana Ossola de Urra, Rafael Antonio Ferrara, Luis Arnaldo Zaragoza Olivares, Alexei Vladimir Jaccard Siegler, Cristina Magdalena Carreño Araya, Luis Alejandro Espinoza González, Carlos Patricio Rojas Campos, and José Luis De la Maza Asquet.

Some of these cases are eloquent, such as that of the MIR leader Edgardo Enríquez Espinoza, murdered in Buenos Aires on April 10, 1976, who was sought not only by the DINA but also by Argentine and Paraguayan repressors.

It was proven that Arancibia Clavel had given photos of the victim to the Argentine military. Also, it was proven that they had intercepted a letter from Edgardo Enríquez and sent it to their counterparts in Paraguay so they could use it in the interrogation of Fuentes Alarcón.

Another revealing case is that of Luis Enrique Elgueta Díaz, kidnapped along with part of his circle on July 27, 1976, in Buenos Aires by members of the Army and the Federal Police. A year later, an operation led by Commissioner José Benito Fioravanti and the DINA agent Arancibia Clavel kidnapped Luis's sister, Laura Elgueta, and Sonia Díaz Ureta at the same address, and they were taken to the clandestine center Club Atlético.

In the torture room of that place, the prosecutor narrated, Chilean agents were present and interrogated them about Luis and his connection to the MIR. In that context, Ouviña explained based on the testimony of the survivors, Fioravanti said that Luis Elgueta had been "destroyed" and that later "he was handed over to Chile, because he had accounts to settle there."

In addition, the young socialist leaders Luis Muñoz Velásquez, Juan Hernández Zaspe, and Manuel Tamayo Martínez were kidnapped in Mendoza on April 3, 1976, and brought to Chile by the DINA.

Meanwhile, the Chilean PC militant Alexei Vladimir Jaccard Siegler was kidnapped on May 16, 1977, a few days after entering Argentina from Switzerland. His fall occurred along with those of 11 other people kidnapped in Santiago and Buenos Aires; Jaccard was seen at the Simón Bolívar clandestine detention center in Chile.

Among the victims of the group, the Chilean banker Jacobo Stoulman, who was to provide legal cover for the PC's financial operation, was also kidnapped in Argentina. On the other hand, Ouviña highlighted among the cases described to the Oral Federal Criminal Tribunal No. 1 that of the communist militant Magdalena Carreño Araya, whom DINA agents searched for until they found her in Buenos Aires.

The 33-year-old woman was kidnapped on July 26, 1978. It is known from the testimony of survivors that, before being thrown alive into the sea in a "death flight," she passed through the clandestine detention centers El Banco and Olimpo. Her body was returned by ocean currents, then buried as a John/Jane Doe, and finally identified in 2007, when her family buried her in Chile.

Source: elciudadano.com NO DATE

Liceo Nº1 Occupation Pays Tribute to Forcibly Disappeared Former Students

The students of Liceo N°1 took a break from the occupation they have been maintaining for more than three months and paid tribute, in a beautiful, delicate, and significant act, to six former students who were forcibly disappeared by the Dictatorship, young women who, like them, gave meaning to their lives in a project of commitment and joy for the benefit of all.

The young people of today are a beautiful hope, who with sensitivity and courage recognize and fight for their ideals, the same ones as yesterday.

Cecilia Gabriela Castro Salvadores Forcibly Disappeared on November 17, 1974

Carmen Cecilia Bueno Cifuentes Forcibly Disappeared on November 29, 1974 Michelle Marguerite Peña Herreros Forcibly Disappeared on June 20, 1975 Nilda Patricia Peña Solari Forcibly Disappeared on December 10, 1974 Carmen Angélica Delard Cabezas Forcibly Disappeared on January 10, 1977 Gloria Ximena Delard Cabezas Forcibly Disappeared on January 17, 1977

A tree was planted for each of them.

Source: afepchile.cl September 2011

We Were All Going to Be Queens: Final Words (EXCERPT)

Epilogue

When we had this work in the editing process, we found new information about Gloria Ximena Delard Cabezas and Michelle Peña Herreros.

The parents of Gloria Ximena and Carmen Delard currently live in Paris, France. We found them there, as well as their 3 grandchildren, children of both sisters, who have lived with them for 13 years. Victoria Lucía, Carmen's daughter, had been born in Buenos Aires and was 4 and a half months old when her mother left her in the care of a Chilean family living in Cipoletti, Neuquén Province, and Roberto and Paula—children of Gloria Ximena—who, after the kidnapping of their parents, were handed over by frightened neighbors to an orphanage.

In France, we also learned of the possible fate of Gloria and the child who was to be born in July 1977, that is, the third child of Gloria and Roberto Cristi.

Gloria's father is a doctor. He first practiced as a doctor in Ovalle until 1959, where his first 4 children were born.

His wife Carmen, according to her husband, "always contributed love and affection to the home; to her 5 children, whom she cared for just as she now cares for her grandchildren with extraordinary patience and gentleness." The house in Paris is an open, welcoming home. In the faces of their grandchildren, in their gazes and laughter, is the presence of Carmen and Gloria.

Orlando Delard graduated as a doctor from the University of Chile in 1953. At the time of the coup, he was working at the Barros Luco Hospital in the Gynecology-Obstetrics Service and at the FACH Hospital.

After September 11, the Air Force initiated proceedings against him for being "simply a man of leftist ideas, of free ideas. Not a militant." He was not detained, but he could not continue working.

Dr. Orlando Delard tells us that he and his wife protected Carmen and Gloria, as well as José Luis Appel and Roberto Cristi, when they managed to reach Santiago. In the house on José De Moraleda Street, Carmen and José Luis Appel were married on November 15, 1973; the groom's parents attended the wedding.

A week earlier, Roberto and Gloria had married. The 4 had decided to leave for Argentina because they were being sought for arrest.

A friend of Dr. Delard's family, Mr. Rene Gajardo Torres, offered to help Gloria, Carmen, and their respective spouses leave the country. René Gajardo was a military officer in the Chilean armed forces, retired months before September 11, 1973.

He diligently prepared the departure, first of Carmen and José Luis, finally taking them to Mendoza and leaving them at the house of a former Argentine military officer. Carmen and José Luis quickly left this house, not without difficulties. Gloria and Roberto traveled directly to Buenos Aires a few days later.

There, as we know, they obtained residency.

In February 1974, Orlando Delard left Chile; he first went to Brazil, and finally decided to go to Argentina to reunite with his daughters. On May 19, 1974, his wife arrived in Buenos Aires with the other three children.

At that time, Carmen, José Luis, Gloria, and Roberto were living in a boarding house. "The four were very close" and repeatedly rejected their parents' request to travel to Europe.

"They had the hope that the dictatorship in Chile would not last long." Finally, Dr. Delard traveled abroad on December 14, 1974, to look for work. He obtained a good position in Algeria, and his wife Carmen traveled there with their 3 youngest children. Carmen and Gloria remained in Argentina.

At the end of January 1977, the Delard family received a telegram from a young Chilean living in Argentina warning them to travel urgently to look for their daughters and their 3 grandchildren. Inquiries and contacts began.

French Human Rights organizations and the United Nations themselves began efforts to find the Delard sisters, their husbands, and to recover their children: Roberto, Paula, and Victoria Lucía.

Finally, after 6 months of searching in Argentina (subject at that time to the dictatorship established in 1976), they only managed to recover the 3 children. Roberto and Paula in an orphanage, Victoria Lucía under the protection of the Bishop of Neuquén.

It was Roberto Cristi's sister who traveled to France with the 3 children. "Frightened, pale, sad, their children's eyes had no shine; they ate with their hands and anxiously lunged at the food. Paula cried constantly, Roberto almost did not speak.

Paula had frequent diarrhea and it took a long time for her to regain control of her sphincters, just like Roberto, who had enuresis, nocturnal urination, until he was quite old, in addition to feeling a phobia of electric irons."

Months after the arrival of the children, which was July 16, 1977, René Gajardo Torres, with an office at MacIver 376, wrote to them notifying them that Gloria Ximena had had a girl, adding information about her weight and state of health.

Where did he get this information? A priest named Carlos Brunet of the Mercedarian order, a Military Chaplain residing at 163 Reconquista Street in Buenos Aires, had reported that Gloria Ximena had had a daughter, who was in a convent of the Passionist nuns in Argentina.

The efforts to confirm this data were assumed by a friend and colleague of Oscar Delard, Dr. Alfonso Chelen, who on April 19, 1980, wrote to the Delard family saying, "the priest Carlos Brunet is the depositary of all the information."

Ten years later, nothing is known. The Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo in Argentina are in constant communication with the Delard family. They informed them that a former Argentine prisoner, whom they located, had been with Gloria and Roberto at the Navy Petty-Officers School of Mechanics, which was transformed into a prison in Argentina.

Gloria was still pregnant and was "emotionally very ill. Roberto always tried to cheer her up."

Roberto, Paula, and Victoria Lucía have grown up with their grandparents, whom they call parents. The two girls look extraordinarily like the photo we were given of Carmen and Gloria.

Gladys Díaz Armijo, a former political prisoner, C.I. No. 3.520.153-K from Santiago, gave us the following testimony that speaks of the possible fate of Michelle Peña.

Gladys was arrested on February 20, 1975, along with Juan Carlos Perelman Ide at her home. The DINA arrived there; the house was brutally raided, and they were beaten and humiliated. After a moment, they were blindfolded and handcuffed.

Her house was looted. Nothing was left, and they were transported in trucks with all their furniture. They were taken directly to Villa Grimaldi; there, Gladys was subjected to brutal physical torture techniques and held incommunicado for months with deprivation of food and water, having to remain in small wooden cells.

Source: derechos.org no date

Regarding Gloria Ximena and Carmen Angélica Delard

The parents of Gloria Ximena and Carmen Delard currently live in Paris, France. We found them there, as well as their 3 grandchildren, children of both sisters, who have lived with them for 13 years. Victoria Lucía, Carmen's daughter, had been born in Buenos Aires and was 4 and a half months old when her mother left her in the care of a Chilean family living in Cipoletti, Neuquén Province, and Roberto and Paula—children of Gloria Ximena—who, after the kidnapping of their parents, were handed over by frightened neighbors to an orphanage.

In France, we also learned of the possible fate of Gloria and the child who was to be born in July 1977, that is, the third child of Gloria and Roberto Cristi. The father of Gloria is a doctor. He first practiced as a doctor in Ovalle until 1959, where his first 4 children were born.

His wife Carmen, according to her husband, "always contributed love and affection to the home; to her 5 children, whom she cared for just as she now cares for her grandchildren with extraordinary patience and gentleness." The house in Paris is an open, welcoming home.

In the faces of their grandchildren, in their gazes and laughter, is the presence of Carmen and Gloria. Orlando Delard graduated as a doctor from the University of Chile in 1953. At the time of the coup, he was working at the Barros Luco Hospital in the Gynecology-Obstetrics Service and at the FACH Hospital.

After September 11, the Air Force initiated proceedings against him for being "simply a man of leftist ideas, of free ideas. Not a militant." He was not detained, but he could not continue working. Dr.

Orlando Delard tells us that he and his wife protected Carmen and Gloria, as well as José Luis Appel and Roberto Cristi, when they managed to reach Santiago. In the house on José De Moraleda Street, Carmen and José Luis Appel were married on November 15, 1973; the groom's parents attended the wedding.

A week earlier, Roberto and Gloria had married. The 4 had decided to leave for Argentina because they were being sought for arrest. A friend of Dr. Delard's family, Mr. Rene Gajardo Torres, offered to help Gloria, Carmen, and their respective spouses leave the country.

René Gajardo was a military officer in the Chilean armed forces, retired months before September 11, 1973. He diligently prepared the departure, first of Carmen and José Luis, finally taking them to Mendoza and leaving them at the house of a former Argentine military officer.

Carmen and José Luis quickly left this house, not without difficulties. Gloria and Roberto traveled directly to Buenos Aires a few days later. There, as we know, they obtained residency.

In February 1974, Orlando Delard left Chile; he first went to Brazil, and finally decided to go to Argentina to reunite with his daughters. On May 19, 1974, his wife arrived in Buenos Aires with the other three children.

At that time, Carmen, José Luis, Gloria, and Roberto were living in a boarding house. "The four were very close" and repeatedly rejected their parents' request to travel to Europe. "They had the hope that the dictatorship in Chile would not last long." Finally, Dr.

Delard traveled abroad on December 14, 1974, to look for work. He obtained a good position in Algeria, and his wife Carmen traveled there with their 3 youngest children. Carmen and Gloria remained in Argentina.

At the end of January 1977, the Delard family received a telegram from a young Chilean living in Argentina warning them to travel urgently to look for their daughters and their 3 grandchildren. Inquiries and contacts began.

French Human Rights organizations and the United Nations themselves began efforts to find the Delard sisters, their husbands, and to recover their children: Roberto, Paula, and Victoria Lucía. Finally, after 6 months of searching in Argentina (subject at that time to the dictatorship established in 1976), they only managed to recover the 3 children.

Roberto and Paula in an orphanage, Victoria Lucía under the protection of the Bishop of Neuquén. It was Roberto Cristi's sister who traveled to France with the 3 children. "Frightened, pale, sad, their children's eyes had no shine; they ate with their hands and anxiously lunged at the food.

Paula cried constantly, Roberto almost did not speak. Paula had frequent diarrhea and it took a long time for her to regain control of her sphincters, just like Roberto, who had enuresis, nocturnal urination, until he was quite old, in addition to feeling a phobia of electric irons." Months after the arrival of the children, which was July 16, 1977, René Gajardo Torres, with an office at MacIver 376, wrote to them notifying them that Gloria Ximena had had a girl, adding information about her weight and state of health.

Where did he get this information? A priest named Carlos Brunet of the Mercedarian order, a Military Chaplain residing at 163 Reconquista Street in Buenos Aires, had reported that Gloria Ximena had had a daughter, who was in a convent of the Passionist nuns in Argentina.

The efforts to confirm this data were assumed by a friend and colleague of Oscar Delard, Dr. Alfonso Chelen, who on April 19, 1980, wrote to the Delard family saying, "the priest Carlos Brunet is the depositary of all the information." Ten years later, nothing is known.

The Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo in Argentina are in constant communication with the Delard family. They informed them that a former Argentine prisoner, whom they located, had been with Gloria and Roberto at the Navy Petty-Officers School of Mechanics, which was transformed into a prison in Argentina.

Gloria was still pregnant and was "emotionally very ill. Roberto always tried to cheer her up." Roberto, Paula, and Victoria Lucía have grown up with their grandparents, whom they call parents. The two girls look extraordinarily like the photo we were given of Carmen and Gloria.

Source: archivochile.com no date